Investigating the Use of Inclusive Design in Public Places and Architecture

Draft: Investigating The usage of inclusive design in public topographic points and architecture Purpose The chief purpose of the check, is to briefly investigate and explicate methods used in order to make an across-the-board enviourment in architecture, for people with assorted types of disablements. Assorted subjects, which will reason to the concluding solution, will be the history, standard methods used for Barrier-free design and instances surveies demoing assorted s methods being implanted to make such an inclusive and non-stereotypical enviourment. Definition of Inclusive Design. Inclusive Design which can be besides known as Design-for-all, Lifespan design, Barrier Free Design and Human-Centered Design is a motion aimed in making merchandises, enviourments and communications.which are functional and safe. Inclusive design is largely aimed to make a non discrimitive and stereotyped enviourment which suits the demand to accommodate to all types of users chiefly disabled, without the demand of add-on aid. this helps to make a autonomous society. ( EBDFID p135 ) . Harmonizing to the Book â€Å"Universal Design Creating an Inclusive Work† , Inclusive design should non know apart faith beliefs, category, gender, sexual orientation and most significantly disablement, barrier free design believes in a word were everyone is treated indifferently and with the same human rights. ( UD pg 15 ) â€Å"Universal design is the design of merchandises and environments to be useable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the demand for version or specialized design.† –Ron Mace 1988 In order for something to be considered as an Inclusive Design, it should incorporate the undermentioned Principles.Equitable Use ( giving off equal chances to all users regardless their abilities )Flexibility in Use ( Can be modified to the users need )Simple and Intuitive Use ( It is easy to utilize whilst communication, it’s map )Perceptible Information ( communicates information efficaciously )Tolerance for Error ( Provides communicative warnings when being used )Low Physical Effort ( no demand of extra strength and attempt through the usage of the infinite )Size and Space for attack and Use ( appropriate infinite is given to suit wheel chair users and assorted organic structure types etc )( UD pg 72 ) History The universe Universal design was developed by Ronald, L. Mace about 20 old ages ago, who wrote the book â€Å"Universal Design, in Designers West†in 1985. Ronald, L.Mace was besides the laminitis of the Center for Universal Design. Throughout the old ages assorted Torahs, ordinances and criterions have been developed, all these helped with the development of making barrier free design. ( universaldesign.ie, 2013 ) Such Torahs came approximately as assorted injured war veterans. where seeing the importance of rehabilitation and more handiness, before all this people with disablement were concled and in no manner integrated into society as there were particular establishments for them, so people can take attention of them. ( NCSU ) . Harmonizing to Oliver Heiss.one can see that the first type of inclusive design in architecture can be seen in infirmaries which catered for the well-being of injured veterans ( B-FD p10 ) The Civil Rights Movement of 1960, was one of the first inclusive Torahs, although this was non based on making an equal enviourment for the handicapped.It was radical as it helped make equal chances and stopped stereotyped racialist remarks against African Americans ( jfklibary,2014 ) . In 1961 the first disablement criterions were created being the American National Standards Institute ‘s ( ANSI ) 117. These Torahs which helped to make to make The Disability Rights Movements and statute laws of 1970’s,1980’s, 1990’s and 2000’s the Torahs were largely applied in the Unitied States and helped in the creative activity of a modern and functional design.As one can see, from the history discussed in the book Barrier-Free Design it shows that the development of human rights for disablement in Europe was much more set back, and took longer to develop even though these 2 continents had the same types of jobs. ( B-FD P9 ) . In 1988 The Fair Housing Amendment was invoked as a solution in order to avoid favoritism in flats for people with physical disablement, the act was based on making an accessible system, by including lifts, inclines.etc. This was the first jurisprudence, which delt with the betterment of the architectural construction ( HUD.gov 2007 ) .During this clip Lewis Mumford, an designer critic besides helped to advance Social architecture. In 1990 The first American with Disability Act which was based on some Torahs, found in the Civil Rights Act of `1964 was aimed so that designers could hold guildles in making public topographic points, which provide a service or employment indistinguishable. Opportunities, sing their different abilities due to a disablement. ( D: MBA P30 ) When implemented right, design for handiness allows people to be where they need to be independently, expeditiously and with self-respect, and in making so liberate their ain and others’ clip resource. Harmonizing to the World Health Organisation a â€Å"disability† is the job of holding a trouble which creates restrictions and limitations in a twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours activities. The types of disablements encountered can be one of the followingMotoric damages which can be recognised by low musculus control, strength and paralysation ( non being able to command your organic structure good )Mental damagesA Centripetal Impairment is the deficiency of one of the 5 senses being vision, hearing, gustatory sensation and odor.Cognitive damages being jobs with larning mental maps such as address, retrieving etc( B-FD p9 ) Inclusive design in public topographic points is non merely the architectural construction of a topographic point new engineerings are besides being applied in order to assist certain disablements the American Disability Act covers assorted subjects which besides including â€Å"Fire-Protection without Barriers† , and † Housing for the† . All these have assorted versions to the criterion regulations used as they contain different mark users as explained by Oliver Heiss a edifice should be adapted to its demands and users. One can happen that most regulations and the best explains are those used in Public Spaces such as Offices, working infinites, museums and schools this is as the American Disability Act suggests such topographic points should be welcoming to all users as possible without know aparting those supplying a service and those traveling for a service. ( B-FD ) Unfortunitly many designers still invision inclusive design largely for people with mobility impaments this can be seen through illustrations of the Millenium Park in the US which does non cointain characteristics which re suited for all types of imparmnts even thouh it is inclusive for eople whicjh have mobility issues. Design Design planning and impetation is an of import measure when coming to making new architectural edifices as suggested in most of RIBAs picture architectues normally create a adviser group of people with frogmans disablements who will utilize the infinite being created, these members help to do of import determinations of little inside informations which help make an enviourment which is non merely suited for an mean user but can accommodate to all type of demands. Assorted instance surveies suggest different methods one can utilize to supply a suited enviourment for the user. A peculiar illustration which shows inclusive design to all type of users is the Fleet Library at the Rhode Island School of Design, The library was created to except the mark of a wheel chair user as every 2 cubicals are non the same each cubical has peculiar withs and highs to set to diffirent organic structure types and make a infinite where everyone can experience comfortable.An intresting fact is that book shelves are keept low so that everyone can make all the books in the shelfs and the infinite is left every bit unfastened as possible for people with mobility imparments. Ponce De Leon in an interview about the school besides says how this design was non something that was re adjusted to the assorted users but was aimed to be suited for all the diffirent users one finds in this library she argues the importance inclusive design is when larning architecture as most of the clip it is over looked.According to Robert Siege the topographic point has achived inclusive design besides due to the new engineering used throughout the country such as audio initiation cringles at the library chief desk which helps people with heairing imparment communicate an understand better the talker as a moving ridge is automaticly connected to his hearing assistance, besides the usage of natural lighting and good lighting helps persons with vision jobs to see clearly although the articles do ot province how the library is suited or helps persons with vision damage, but explains that assorted textures are used to make contrast of infinite which as RIBA suggestes in its serious of pictures can be used to assist visualy impared persons have a memorable user experience and demo way. The library makes cosmopolitan design unseeable whilst maintaining the topographic point safe and beautiful. ( Architizer, 2014 ) ( RIBA,2009 ) ( NPR,2010 ) Hazelwood School in the City of glazgow is designed for childs who suffer from 2 diiferent imparments ( double sensory ) , they choose to include inclusive design in a merriment and colorful manner in order to pass on the infinite from people of 2 to 20 old ages of age.The school has a big Windowss to let even distribution of visible radiation and usage childrens residuary vision. An intresting characteristic which the school is good known for is the alone trail wall made out of cork and assorted texture meaning the country their in this largely helps lead kids with vision jobs due to touch whilst learning them orientation accomplishments and motivates them to travel around which is of import for childs which have certain mobility issues this fact can besides be seen in serious of picture from Riba which spekes about the Eden Project and says the importance of touch and making textures for people to derive an expirence. Colours is besides one of the chief characteristics used to demo fluctuation whitin infinites and besides the usage of curvetures and non habing crisp corners help kids non to acquire baffled For kids who have cognitive issues pictograms are used to assist them garner information visually as they orientate throughout the school besides brail is used expeditiously through the infinite, one can detect that the pictograms used are simple images and have an effectual coloring material which create a contrast with the backround. Keith Bright in the book Disability: Making Buildings Accessible states the importance of this as we perceive 70-75 % of information through vision. ( D: MBA PG82 ) ( As suggested by the RIBA Award largely schools and old peoples places are being given particular attending to such item One intresting illustration which is based on a Public infinite in Sweeden is the â€Å"City Lounge† in St.Galllen. The City Lounge in St.Gallen Sweeden is a peculiar public infinite undertaking created In 2005 which created something diffirent in concurrence to other undertakings one can notice hold achived assorted awards for inclusivity. Although the topographic point is largely known for its artistic qualities and museum like experience as described by the magazine St.Gallens – Lake Constance Inspirations ( Na ) This suggest that a infinite should besides hold a nice user expirence in order to pull users as besides stated in the book Universal Design ( United Nations ) The infinite making the metropolis sofa is made out of a soft gum elastic granulated flooring ( Wetpour gum elastic ) which is anti faux pas, non toxic and is considered hygienic and safe for kids. ( http: //advantagesports.com.au/rubber-flooring ) The infinite is communicated to the user with the usage of icons throughout the floor which insteantly communicate its significance. The infinite is suotable for people with mobility, sound and cognitive issues but is non every bit much inclusive for those enduring with vision imparment as the infinite can be confounding due to the seemless design where tectile flooring is non used to make way and infinite is non divided. The infinite is created to play with 1s senses as every sense is given importance.An component which can besides assist people with cognitive issues such as Autisim is the usage of such smooth forms which are besides used in establishments and infirmaries which have persons enduring from cognitive issues illustrations of topographic points utilizing similar technics are De Zeester an institute for kids with cognitive issues and the â€Å"New Strun Center for Autisim in Allo† where its chief designer Magda Mostafa where she besides uses soft ages throught a infinite to supply flow and extinguish misleadingnes. ( Archdaily2013 ) ( Architizer ) ( B-FD ) Civil Rights Movement – John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & A ; Museum. 2014. Civil Rights Movement – John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & A ; Museum. [ ONLINE ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/Civil-Rights-Movement.aspx. [ Accessed 01 May 2014 ] .

The Bluest Esyes

?Latishia Taylor 5th Hour AP English The House, the blue eyes, the marigolds†¦. Oh My! In the novel The Bluest Eye, there were a lot of roles of symbolism. Symbolism is the practice of representing things by means of symbols or of attributing symbolic meanings or significance to objects, events, or relationships. The title by itself starts off one of the many symbols in the novel. Seeing the novel uses the singular form of the word â€Å"eye† to express many of the characters’ sad isolation. The symbols in this novel symbolize different meanings for each character. Some of the symbols are the bluest eyes, the house, the marigolds. The novels begins with a prologue, beginning with a sentence from a Dick-and-Jane narrative: â€Å"Here is the house(3). † The homes in this novel do not only indicate the social economic status , but they also symbolize the emotional situations and values of the characters who inhabit them. For instance the Breedlove’s storefront apartments despicable and aged, suffering from Mrs. Breedlove’s preference for her employer’s home over her own. This symbolizes the misery of the Breedlove family. Their home lacks positive symbols such as the couch being thought of as a comfort provider or the loving that has been conducted upon it, a bed being defined by someone giving birth in it. Just as the family has an ironic name; they do the total opposite of their name; the few household objects that they do possess: a ripped couch, a cold stove, are symbols of suffering and degradation rather than of a home. The Breedlove’s apartment not only is considered ugly on their part but the community recognizes this also. The ugliness of the abandoned storefront and its defiance to blend in with the other buildings that surround it. This symbolizes the hideousness of the Breedlove’s story; a story not only about the ugliness they create but also about the ugliness brought out against them. Just as the storefront has now been abandoned, they have also been abandoned by the world around them. Unlike the Breedlove’s â€Å"home†; the MacTeer’s is drafty and dark, but it is carefully tended by Mrs. MacTeer and. According to Claudia it is also filled with love, symbolizing their family’s comparative cohesion. There is a young girl in this novel that goes a lot of complications. Her name is Pecola and she is the daughter of Mr. nd Mrs. Breedlove. Where she has one wish and that is to have the bluest eyes. When her parents get into arguments she lies in bed imaging that all her body parts are dissolving except for her eyes. †Please,God,† she whispered in the palm of her hand. â€Å"Please make me dissappear(45). † She hates her ugliness and for a long time she hoped and prayed for blue eyes, which will make her beautiful and change all the evil in her life to good. To Pecola, the blue eyes symbolize the beauty and happiness that she associates with the white middle-class world. They also symbolize her own blindness, for she gains blue eyes only at the cost of her sanity. Pecola decides that if she had beautiful eyes, her life would magically right itself. She wants blue eyes for two reasons; so that she can change what she sees, and so that she can change how others see her. For Pecola, these reasons are interchangeable because she believes that how people see her; as ugly, creates what she see; hurtful behavior. At the end of the novel Pecola goes mad, believing that she has gotten the blue eyes that she has been wishing for. She also imagines up a n imaginary friend. Pecola can not stop admiring her eyes she claims that now she can even look at the sun without blinking. Rather than granting Pecola insight into the world around her and providing a compensating connection with other people, these eyes are a form of blindness. Pecola can no longer accurately perceive the outside world, and she has become more invisible to others. He new friendship is only imagined and does not protect her from old suffering and insecurity. Even though she granted her wish of blue eyes, she still has scars deep down on the inside that won’t seem to just disappear. During the novel Pecola is also raped and impregnated by her father. The community thought she should be taken out of school and hoping that the baby doent's not live. â€Å"I thought about the baby that everybody wanted dead(190). † When Claudia and Frieda heard about Pecola being impregnated by her father that felt the need to help her. At first they just thought to pray and ask God to let the baby live, but then they thought that wasn’t enough so they decided to give up the bicycle they wanted, bury the money and plant the marigolds seeds. we’ll bury the money over by her house so we can’t go back and dig it up, and we’ll plant the seeds out back of our house so we can watch over them. And when they come up, we’ll know everything is all right. All right(192)? † To Claudia an Frieda, they associated the marigolds with the safety and well-being of Pecola’s baby. Their ceremonial offering of money and the remaining unsold marigol ds seeds represent an honest sacrifice on their part. They believed that if the marigolds they had planted grew, then Pecola’s baby would be all right. To Claudia’ s and Frieda’s disliking the flowers did not bloom and Pecola’s baby died when it was prematurely born. From there forth on, they avoided Pecola Breedlove. In a more general sense, marigolds represent the constant renewal of nature. In Pecola’s case, this cycle of renewal is perverted by her father’s rape of her. This novel consisted of a lot of symbolism. Most of which all were involved with Pecola. In some shape, way, or form Pecola was affected by all the symbols in the novel. Some good effects, some bad effects, some had a little bit of the both effects.

Eating Insects Essay

Introduction: Insects have been here long before human civilization, foraging the world and utilizing its nutrients. In a sense then, every human being ever has been forced to interact with insects, so then why has this â€Å"household† item not been utilized as a food source for humans? Well, that’s not entirely true. Entomophagy, according to Webster’s Dictionary, is the practice of eating insects. Using insects as a food source isn’t as uncommon as one may think, the practice of Enotmophagy has been performed for centuries, dating back to Indian tribes and Australian aborginals. Insects greatly outnumber humans and are found in nearly every possible location in the world, so their presence in and around human food isn’t unbelievable. While this practice is becoming more popular around the world, consumers in the U. S. are still skeptical of the idea Whether its eating them â€Å"a la mode†, or eating them without knowing, insects are increasingly prevalent in food consumed by humans. Main Body: Insect consumption seems a little farfetched, yet there are several reasons that this idea may not be crazy. Meat is considered to be one of the best sources of protein in diets, however, certain insects provide amounts of protein comparable to that of meat; thus making insect consumption a much cheaper alternative to meat in developing countries. Take, for example, 100 grams of dried caterpillar, providing fifty-three grams of protein, seventeen percent carbohydrates, and a whopping fifteen percent fat. In fact, they are believed to have a higher proportional fat and protein value than that of beef and fish. Also, most edible insects are proven to be much cleaner than fish. For example, According to Pulitzer prize winner, Dr. E. O. Wilson of Harvard University, there are an estimated ten quintillion (10,000,000,000,000,000,000) insects in the world, or about one hundred and fifty million insects per one human being. Insects are in no way, shape, or form, a product of scarcity; insects are found nearly everywhere, thus proving to be another reason for insects to be used for food consumption. Due to the fact that insects provide incredible amounts of nutritional value and an incredible population, they are proving to be means of income for people in developing countries. Specifically, Sudan and Nigeria trade and utilize insects as a source of income, exporting three to five tons annually to countries such as Belgium and France. This means of earning income for Sudans and Nigerians produces $41,500 annually. Insects being utilized for their nutritional value and high concentration, proves to show how incredibly useful insects are to humans, surprisingly as a food source. Many countries all over the world are taking advantage of insects as a food source. In Africa, several groups use Orthoptera as a means of food. They gather locusts early in the day, before they are active; they then boil them before group members clean and salt them. Noting goes to waste, they even use the legs by grinding them up and mixing them with peanut butter and salt. Also, performed in areas of Africa and Australia, termites are being utilized for their high protein and fat value. The big queen castes of termites, reaching three inches in lenghth, is most sought out due to its incredibly high nutritional value. They are often lightly fried and sold in markets to be eaten by hand, thought to be a snack food. However, termites can also be used as a colorless oil used when frying food.

The Soviet Afghanistan War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Soviet Afghanistan War - Research Paper Example The international involvement in the war prepared an unsophisticated and unorganized guerilla force for sustained combat operations that lasted over 9 years and demoralized one of the world’s largest superpowers, consequently paving the way for its downfall (Arnold, 1985). Afghanistan enjoyed a healthy relationship with the Soviet Union during most of the 20th Century. Ever since the Russian Revolution in 1919, The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics had taken an active role in the military and economic functioning of Afghanistan. In fact, it was widely acknowledged that USSR and Afghanistan were very close allies and this often worried other political strongholds such as the United States of America and China. This relationship became official in the early 1950s when USSR sent billions in economic and military aid to Afghanistan. In 1978, the Afghan Army, which favored the PDPA (the voice of the masses of Afghanistan), caused overthrew and murdered Mohammed Daoud Khan, the ru ler. Soon after, Nur Muhammad Taraki, Secretary General of PDPA became President and Prime Minister as well. Once again, PDPA was divided internally into factions, Khalq (the masses) lead by Taraki and Hafizullah Amin and Parcham (flag) by Babrak Karmal and Mohammad Najibullah (Arnold, 1985). These conflicts resulted in violence, kidnappings and executions of many Parcham members and further deteriorating relations between the two factions. The problems that Afghanistan faced regarding ethnic and sectarian friction and violence deteriorated in the PDPA regime. Ever since the 1970s, Daoud Khan had neglected and angered the Pashtun populace of Afghanistan. Furthermore, Afghanistan had cemented problems with Pakistan as well after Daoud had urged his hardline Pashtunistan policies to Pakistan. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, the Pakistan president at the time reacted by training the Jamiat-e-Islami militants against Daoud’s secular regime. Although these rebels were unsuccessful in overthr owing the government, the roots of an organized Islamic Rebellion had been put in place and their power would be seen in the years to come. During the first two years of his time in office, Taraki employed a liberal approach to governance by modernizing reforms. Many of these changes were seen by the masses as being anti-Islamic, something that greatly inflamed many. For example, the changes put forth by Taraki regarding land reforms and marriage rules were seen as going against the tradition in which this Islamic country was so deeply immersed. So infuriated was the populace that soon rebellions broke out in the country in mid 1978 with people attacking public buildings and military strongholds. Soon civil war had spread throughout the country. So dire was the situation that in September 1979, President Taraki was killed after a palace shootout; Hafizullah Amin took power. The Taraki and Amin governments were similar in practice; both employed Soviet-style governance, establishing reforms that hurt property owners and Islamic sentiment. Inevitably, there was great opposition to these reforms and major unrest through the country which was dealt violently by the government. Large parts of the country went into open revolt against the government. By 1979, 24 of the 28 provinces of the country had surges of violence and instability. The situation was worsened when an American Ambassador to Afghanistan, Adolph Dubs, was kidnapped and killed by militants with the help of the Soviet Union communists. Afterwards, the United States officially expressed its disapproval to the Soviet Union putting strain on

Entrepreneurship and Innovation assignment Essay

Entrepreneurship and Innovation assignment - Essay Example Taking the customers to the sky is not easy. Security of the customers is the primary concern of the business. Dinner in the Sky will use a crane to elevate the furniture, crew, food and 22 to 350 diners as high as 180 ft up. The structure of the eatery will be portable and will need a space of almost 1500 sq.ft, hence can be held anywhere (sea side, public place, historical sites and fields etc), (Dinnerinthesky.com, 2010). The company's suspended table measures 26 ft x 19 ft (8m x 6m) and weighs approximately 17,600 (7983.25 kg) lbs fully loaded (11,000 lbs (4989.6kg)unloaded). Eight cables, connected at points on all four sides, bind the table to a crane. The company has planned to work with safety agencies before introducing the concept to the public. During inspection, seats will be overloaded with weights of more than 330 lbs (150 kg) each. Diners will be locked into their chairs by six-point seat belts that operate from the back side of the seat so they cannot disconnect thems elves. The company will certify its system for safety by European-based testing agency (Mills et al, 2003). The restaurant industry of the UK is known to be growing at a steady rate despite the economic crisis. Studies and research show that because of the credit crunch, the restaurant industry has remained strong. ... h their families and partners and prefer to visit those places which offer good food at reasonable prices and a comfortable seating arrangement so as not to cause any inconvenience (Franck, 2005; Duffill, 1993). Dinner in the Sky offers a unique experience to the market and brings about an innovative idea to take the customers to the sky and give them the ultimate dining experience. The size of the Target Market which the company will be specifically catering to would be the 10% of the population of the city who belong to the Social Economic Class A and B. The lower middle class and the middle class would also be welcomed through trade promotions and discounts to leverage the revenues of its business later in the business cycle of Dinner in The Sky. Part B 1. Financial Requirements The company is seeking loan guaranty for $142,000 with a 7% interest rate, which will approximately come up to ?10,000 per annum. The company is investing ?441,000 of its own capital. Its start-up costs co me to ?583,000 which is mostly expensed equipment, furniture, painting, reconstruction, rent, start-up labor, liquor license, six months operating cash, and legal and consulting costs associated with opening its restaurant. According to the financial projection the company will require ?583,000 as start-up expenditure. The company shall generate ?780,000 in sales by the end of the first year and produce net profits over and above its break-even of 312 customers. As it is shown in the Annexure, the business will initially face cash flow problems as it will take a while for it to generate a strong customer base. However, the business will generate enough cash inflows so as to give the owner the payback of the invested amount. 2. Market Segmentation Dinner in the Sky Restaurant will intend to

Atkins Diet Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Atkins Diet - Research Paper Example Some of the popular diets are low carbohydrate diets, low fat diets, correct carbohydrates diet and perfect proportions and careful combinations diet. Atkins diet is one of the popular diets recommended for weight reduction. In this article, the benefits and harms of Atkins diet will be explored through review of literature and critical analysis. Atkins diet is a type of low carbohydrate diet that was first introduced by Dr.Robert. C. Atkin in 1972 and revolutionized in the 1990s (Goodwin, 2006). The diet mainly constitutes high-protein meats, poultry, eggs and full-fat dairy products. The diet banishes carbohydrate foods like rice, bread and pasta and encourages intake of high-protein, high-fat food. Atkins diet is based on the fact that consumption of carbohydrates raises the glucose levels in the blood which in turn triggers insulin secretion from the pancreas (Harvard Medical School, 2007). However, high insulin levels make the person feel hungry and this again leads to increased carbohydrate intake. Carbohydrate meal is more satisfying and people prefer to eat such meals when they are hungry. The weight gain thus continues. On the other hand, fatty diet is more satisfying and filling and people tend to eat less. Fatty diet does not make the insulin levels surge. Also, diets low in carbohydrate cause dehydration because not much water is released in the metabolism. Hence the body mobilizes carbohydrates from the stores in the liver and muscle. This results in weight loss (Harvard Medical School, 2007). There are basically four phases in the Atkins diet. They are induction, ongoing weight loss, premaintenance and maintenance phases. The duration of each of the phases depends on the extent of obesity of the person and response to the diet. Most often than not, Atkins diet is recommended in the induction phase during which time, carbohydrate intake is restricted to less than 20 grams per day. Most of the carbohydrates are to be derived from

McDonald's strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

McDonald's strategy - Assignment Example ged across the globe because of the economic recession of 2010, McDonald’s adopted a combination of the cost focus and differentiation strategies to boost sales. This campaign comprised of initiating cost cutting measures in business operations, maintaining the affordable of menu offerings and improving the menu to address changing customer preferences. According to Mourdoukoutas (2013), McDonald’s has previously demonstrated similar patterns of adopting a specific strategic direction in the past starting from the 1960s when the company identified the customer’s demand of having access to a menu which offered both affordability and convenience. Consequently, the organization realized the onset of globalization as a fundamental trend that emerged in the decade of 70s and 80s thereby, choosing to take the McDonald’s brand worldwide because of favorable conditions. The company’s strategic decision-making in the past therefore, reflects that the organization carefully tailors its strategy around its most valuable element – the customers. Henceforth, the organization’s strategies have surfaced as winners when other companies have failed to make a mark or have succumbed to unfavorable economic conditions. Moreover, the company also recognizes the implications of competition in a highly volatile i ndustry which is also an important consideration behind the success which it has been able to achieve and sustain. Mourdoukoutas, P. (2013). Starbuck’s and McDonald’s Winning Strategy. Forbes. Available online at [2nd July,

Self-Portrait Collage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Self-Portrait Collage - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that  the alternate images to complete the author's portrait served as metaphors or are symbols of how diversified or erratic he can get.   He has a lot of interest that occupy his thought and hopefully, the author was able to express that in the collage. In rendering the collage, he may be aware of color theory of how contrasting colors can highlight the other and how to achieve balance within the frame but he made some compromise to make the portrait more personal by allowing more spontaneity and self-expression in creating it.  Ã‚  This discussion declares that one of the famous collage artist who creates collage by various materials or images that can be found to enhance or create another image is Jacque Parsley of Mexico. His work such as the Smiling Kittie may seem incoherent as a portrait of a kitten but is nevertheless interesting to look at. The artist integrated seemingly incoherent images and even a number in the picture without regard to their placement but still, the image evoked interest from its audience. One can readily feel without understanding that Jacque Parsley enjoyed creating this image. The number 3 and the angel including the stamps and feather looked totally unrelated to the kitten but still they are a joy to look at. Personally, the author lend inspiration from Jacque Parsley of just enjoying in creating his self-portrait collage and he hope that the audience also enjoyed looking at it as much as he enjoyed doing it.

Human and Animal Interrelationships from Domestication to Presen Term Essay

Human and Animal Interrelationships from Domestication to Presen Term Paper Information - Essay Example It is argued that no discovery has ever matched it. Research indicates that humans can refine or improve wool, but cannot make it. In fact, mankind has done so through selective breeding of sheep, as well as by including wool fabrics. After its invention by primitive humans, ancient tribes in northern Europe began using wool from sheep to manufacture clothes. In fact, wool has been part of England’s history and was woven into cloth during the Bronze Age, which spans to about 1900 B.C. However, this is quite recent in historical terms. In other parts of the world, primitive humans first uses wool which was obtained from domesticated sheep around 10,000 B.C. This discourse will explore the history of the use of wool from ancient times to the present. The history of wool dates back to more than 4,000 years ago when primitive humans first used wooly skins obtained from the domesticated sheep to as cloth. The primitive people relied mainly on hunting and gathering as their main sou rce of food. Afterwards, they began domesticating wild sheep, which they discovered could offer other benefits such as milk and meat. As a result, they began milking the domesticated sheep, the same way it is done in some parts of the world today. When the domesticated sheep shed some of their fleece, the primitive humans would take them (the fleece), spun them, and later wove them into clothing, which they used to protect themselves from excess heat and cold weather. It is then that humans realized that killing sheep for its meat alone was not only a waste of food, but also material. As a result, they ventured into the production of clothes made using the fleece shed by the domesticated sheep (Gleason 24). The use of woolen clothing began to spread to other parts of the world with time. Historians reveal that people in most parts of northern Europe began wearing woolen clothes that were being spun and woven by the local tribesmen way before 10,000 B.C. To spin the wool, these peopl e in would place the wool in one hand and draw it out. This would then be followed by twisting the wool to form threat. This resulted in the formation of a thick yarn. This was followed by the invention of a crude spindle, which enabled the drawn-out yarn to be twisted on the spindle. Even though this method of spinning was used several years ago, most peasant communities around the world still use it today (Burnley 8). Britons were so eager to improve the methods used in weaving wool after some time according to Burnley (12). As a result, they opted to develop a wool industry by around 55 B.C. This meant that the Britons had already built a wool industry by the time the Romans invaded the northern islands. In fact, the Romans were surprised by the quality of woolen clothes that the Britons manufactured in the industry. They even went as far as comparing the woolen clothes with the spider web, in praise of its quality. However, the wool industry was almost destroyed during the Saxon invasion in the fifth century. Reports indicate that Britons soon began exporting woolen fabrics to other parts of Europe after the arrival of the Roman conquerors in 1066. By the turn of the twelfth century, wool had become England’s major asset. Cloth making also spread throughout major towns in England, particularly in major towns in the eastern and southern parts of the country (Burnley 12). Even though cloth making using wool was

Australian Income Tax Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Australian Income Tax Law - Essay Example The expense of government to the individuals of a great nation is like the expense of management to the joint tenants of a great estate, who are all obliged to contribute in proportion to their respective interests in the estate. In the observation or neglect of this maxim consists what is called the equality or inequality of taxation. Every tax, it must be observed once for all, which falls finally upon one only of the three sorts of revenue above mentioned, is necessarily unequal in so far as it does not affect the other two. Looking at income tax rates methodology, we see that a taxpayer's income is taxed progressively. Broadly, this means that as you earn more income your average tax rate rises. And it’s really fair! Progressive taxation means that higher income earners pay more tax than lower income earners. The Government defined a maximum sum, which is not taxed –$6000. Let’s imagine, that your income is equal to X. Then if your income lays between you’ll pay 17% from (X-$6,000) sum. If your income is , you must pay more - $2,652 (according to previous rule) and 30% from (X-$21,600) sum, etc. This is achieved by taxing a range of income brackets as a set percentage or cents in the dollar. These income brackets are called tax brackets. The following tables detail the tax brackets of our progressive tax system for the financial years ending 30 June 2005 and 30 June 2006.

Compare and contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Compare and contrast - Essay Example But a closer look at what poverty really is may make some people begin to change their minds, and hopefully their responses, to people who can’t manage to simply blend in with the working crowd. Two articles help to make the case regarding poverty from two different viewpoints. One of the prime concerns of poverty has to do with the living conditions one is forced to endure as a result of having few options and no extra cash. Mackey (2007) describes this condition as being one of fear of your fellow neighbors as housewives, attempting to get money orders to pay their rent, found it necessary to develop elaborate schemes in order to keep their money safely tucked away where the robbers on the street between the check cashing place and the post office would not be able to steal it. Another situation she describes is a one in which a woman can’t even get the safety light in the hallway outside her apartment fixed despite the fact that there has been a murder just outside her front door and her children are afraid to come home through the blood that is still soaked into the carpet. The article by Parker (1971) describes similar conditions of being trapped in a house that is falling apart around her and there is nothing she can do about it or to help her children escape from it in any positive way. In both situations, the lack of cash is only a small part of the problem. Larger issues exist in the way that society treats these individuals, either shunting them to the bottom of the ‘to do’ list for repairs and maintenance or forgetting about them altogether and leaving them to rot away with the house and the rest of the garbage. However, while both articles seem to agree that the problem of poverty goes well beyond the issue of available cash on hand, they seem to take a different stance regarding the role of money in making one poverty-stricken. Speaking from the outside looking in, Mackey (2007) indicates that poverty is less a

Economic Growth and Economic Development Original Essay Example for Free

Economic Growth and Economic Development Original Essay In contemporary times, certain economic registers are used frequently. Arguably two of these most used terms in economics, ‘economic growth’ and ‘economic development’ are terms that just about everyone is at least remotely familiar with, even if they have not studied economics at all. Sometimes it seems everyone knows what economic growth and economic development is. Politicians use these terms all the time, and so do teachers, managers and even preachers. Often, people’s use of these terms may not be quite accurate, but one has to admit that most of the time they are never too far from the mark. Insights into the aforementioned terms ‘economic growth’ and ‘economic development’ are given as follows†¦ Economic Growth Economic Growth is an increase in a countrys real level of national output which can be caused by an increase in the quality of resources by education etc, increase in the quantity of resources improvements in technology. Economic Growth can also be described as an increase in a countrys productive capacity, as measured by comparing gross national product (GNP) in a year with the GNP in the previous year. In other words, Economic Growth is an increase in the real level of output as measured by the annual percentage in real GDP (Gross Domestic Product). Increase in the capital stock, advances in technology, and improvement in the quality and level of literacy are considered to be the principal causes of economic growth. In recent years, the idea of sustainable development has brought in additional factors such as environmentally sound processes that must be taken into account in growing an economy. Measurement of Economic Growth Economists usually measure economic growth in terms of gross domestic product (GDP) or related indicators, such as gross national product (GNP) or gross national income (GNI) which is derived from the GDP calculation. GDP is calculated from a countrys national accounts which report annual data on incomes, expenditure and investment for each sector of the economy. Using these data it is possible to estimate the total income earned in the country in any given year (GDP) or the total income earned by a countrys citizens (GNP or GNI). GNP is derived by adjusting GDP to include repatriated income that was earned abroad, and exclude expatriated income that was earned domestically by foreigners. In countries where inflows and outflows of this sort are significant, GNP may be a more appropriate indicator of a nations income than GDP. There are three different ways of measuring GDP †¢the income approach †¢the output approach †¢the expenditure approach The income approach, as the name suggests measures peoples incomes, the output approach measures the value of the goods and services used to generate these incomes, and the expenditure approach measures the expenditure on goods and services. In theory, each of these approaches should lead to the same result, so if the output of the economy increases, incomes and expenditures should increase by the same amount. How to boost Economic Growth in a country In order for a country to experience economic growth, certain things have to be done. In my own opinion, I believe that; As more people are employed, the amount of capital increases, education levels increase, the quality of capital changes, or the technology increases, the productive capacity of the economy increases. Therefore, the economy can increase its output giving consumers more disposable income, promoting an increase in consumption spending, and providing resources for business to use for further investment and government to use to provide public goods and services. Increased labor force participation increases output. Expanded, improved education creates more productive workers. Business and government spending on research and development enhance our abilities to produce and allow each worker to become more productive, increasing incomes for all. Finally, to achieve a higher level of GDP in the future, consumers need to limit consumption spending and increase savings today, permitting businesses to invest more in capital goods. If resources are invested into building an economy now, future generations will enjoy a higher level of economic growth; our businesses will produce more goods and consumers can purchase more goods. Expansion of output at rates faster than our population growth is what gives us the opportunity to enjoy higher standards of living. Economic development Economic development is a normative concept meaning that the definition is variable however; the definition given by Michael Todaro is ‘’an increase in living standards, improvement in self-esteem needs and freedom from oppression as well as a greater choice.’’ Economic development can be defined as the advancement of a nation or society according to several economic factors. Economic development generally includes such trends as technological innovation, improvements in the standard of living and life expectancy, and increases in the amount of invested assets per capita At the core of the definition is the point that economic development is not just about dollars and cents but is about community well-being and creating communities that people want to live in. It is a constant challenge for small communities to hold onto their young people. There must be jobs and facilities that the next generation expects as a standard. Providing infrastructure on one hand and building social capital on the other will lead to community sustainability and resilience which eventually boils down to ‘’economic development’’ In a few words one can say that the scope of economic development includes the process and policies by which a nation improves the economic, political, and social well-being of its people. Measurement of Economic Development There are several criteria or principles to measure the economic development. Let us make a detailed study of these measurements for better understanding. 1. National Income: Some economists have taken increase in the real national income as the indicator of economic development because per-capita income depends upon the national income. National Income is related with the final goods and services produced in a country. According to this method the state of continuous increase in national income can be taken as economic development. This is majorly applicable to the poor and middle class countries. Short-run increase in national income cannot be taken as economic development. Likewise increase in the national income as a result of increase in price of goods and services cannot be defined as economic development. 2. Per Capita Income: Increase in per-capita income has been pointed out by some economists as a basis for measuring economic development; According to the classification given by the United Nations Organization in 1989, countries having per capita income less than 580 US dollars fall in the class of poor countries, countries having per capita income between 580 US dollars and 6,000 US dollars are in the middle class, and countries having per capita income more than 6,000 US dollars are in the class of rich countries. According to World Development Report 2009, per capita income of Nepal is 340 US dollars. Such indicator makes the comparative study of different countries easy. On the basis of per capita income the economic growth rate of any country can be found out. The increase in per capita income of any country shows the increase in economic growth rate of the country The UNO experts in their report on Measures of Economic Development of Underdeveloped Countries have also accepted this measurement of development. 3. Economic Welfare Index: Economists like Colin Clark Kindleberger, D. Bright Singh, and Hersick etc. have suggested economic welfare as the measure of economic development. The term economic welfare can be understood in two ways: (a) When there is equal distribution of national income among all the sections of the society. It raises economic welfare. (b) When the purchasing power of money goes up, even then there is an increase in the level of economic welfare. The purchasing power of money can go up when with the increase in national income there is also increase in the prices of goods. That means economic welfare can increase if price stability is ensured. Thus economic welfare can boost with equal distribution of income and price stability. Higher the level of economic welfare, higher will be the extent of economic development and vice-versa. 4. Measurement through Occupational Pattern: The distribution of working population in different occupations is also regarded as criteria for the measurement of economic development. According to Colin Clark there is deep relation between the occupational structure and economic development. He has divided the occupational structure in three sectors (a) Primary Sector: It includes agriculture, fisheries, forestry, mining etc. (b) Secondary Sector: It consists of manufacturing, trade, construction etc. (c) Tertiary Sector: It includes services, banking, transport, etc. In underdeveloped countries, majority of the working population is engaged in primary sector. On the contrary, in developed countries the majority of the working population works in tertiary sector. When a country makes economic progress, its working population begins to shift from primary sector to secondary and tertiary sectors. 5. Human Development Index (HDI): The modern economists were not satisfied with GNP, per capita or national income as the principal measures of economic progress. According to them, the issue is not only how much growth but what kind of growth and as a result, they formulated the Human Development Index (HDI). This indicator was for the first time developed by United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in the year 1990.There were a number of measures which were included in this index, However, to keep the HDI simple and manageable, the following main variables were included in it (a) Life expectancy was chosen as a measure of long life (b) Literacy as an index of knowledge and (c) Real GDP per person which represents Income for decent living. 6. Physical quality of life index (PQLI): This is non-income indicator of economic development because this uses physical quality of life as the indicator. This method of measuring economic development is based on the following three things. They are:– (a) Life expectancy (b) Infant mortality (c) Literacy. Countries having low life expectancy, low literacy rate and high infant mortality will have low index. If in any country PQLI is increasing then it indicates the increase in the physical quality of the life of people. Increase in per-capita income does not necessarily indicate the increase in the facilities like healthy food, health, situation, education, etc. Therefore PQLI method is taken to be better indicator than per-capita income method. In addition to these various indicators the following facts are also taken as the indicators of economic development. (a) Equality improvement.(b) Poverty alleviation(c) Quality of life (d) Capital formation(e) Fulfillment of basic needs.(f) Population growth rare (g) Increase in employment opportunities (h) Decrease in dependence on agriculture (i) Increase in entrepreneurship (j) Utilization of natural resources (k) Increase in export of finished goods. (l) Trade diversification (m) Extension of infrastructures DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ECONOMIC GROWTH AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT In general words, economic development refers to the problems of underdeveloped countries and economic growth to those of developed countries. The raising of income levels is generally called economic growth in rich countries and in poor ones it is called economic development. But this view does not specify the underlying forces which raise the income levels in the two types of economies. The problems of underdeveloped countries are concerned with the development of unused resources, even though their uses are well known, while those of advanced countries are related to growth, most of their resources being already known and developed to a considerable extent. In fact, the terms development and growth have nothing to do with the type of economy. The distinction between the two relates to the nature and causes of change. These two terms may also be explained as the development is a discontinues and spontaneous change in the stationary state which forever alters and displaces the equilibrium state previously existing; while growth is a gradual and steady change in the long run which comes about by a gradual increase in the rate of savings and population. This view has been widely accepted and elaborated by the majority of economists. Economic Growth does not take into account the depletion of natural resources which might lead to pollution, congestion disease. Development however is concerned with sustainability which means meeting the needs of the present without compromising future needs. These environmental effects are becoming more of a problem for Governments now that the pressure has increased on them due to Global warming. According to another school of thought, economic growth means more output, while economic development employs both more output and changes in the technical and institutional arrangements by which it is produced and distributed. Growth may well involve not only more output derived from greater amounts of inputs but also greater efficiency, either, and increase in output per unit of input. Development goes beyond this two employ changes in the composition of output and in the allocation of inputs by sectors. According to some classical economists the growth is an expansion of the system in one or more dimensions without a change in its structure, and development is an innovative process leading the structural transformation of social system. Thus economic growth is related to a quantitative sustained increase in the countrys per capita output or income accompanied by expansion in its labor force, consumption, capital, and volume of trade. On the other hand, economic development is a wider term. It is related to qualitative change in economic wants, goods, incentives, and institutions. It describes the underlying determinants of growth such as technological and structural change. Development embraces both growth and decline. An economy can grow but it may not develop because poverty, unemployment and inequalities may continue to persist due to the absence of technological and structural changes. But it is difficult to imagine development without economic growth in the absence of an increase in output per capita, particularly when population is growing rapidly. Despite these apparent differences, some economists use these terms as synonyms.

Complement Products Of 2kg Milo Marketing Essay

Complement Products Of 2kg Milo Marketing Essay Nestles commitment to providing quality products to Malaysians dates back almost 100 years ago. Nestle began in Malaysia in 1912 as the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company in Penang and later, growth and expansion made a move to Kuala Lumpur necessarily in 1939.Since 1962, with its first factory in Petaling Jaya, Nestle Malaysia now manufactures its products in 7 factories and operates from its head office in Mutiara Damansara.   The Company was publicly listed on the KLSE (now known as Bursa Malaysia Berhad) on 13 December, 1989. Today, the Company employs more than 5000 employees, manufactures and markets more than 300 Halal products in Malaysia. Its brand name such has MILO ®, NESCAFe ®, MAGGI ®, NESPRAY ®Ã‚  and KIT KAT ®Ã‚  have become trusted household names and enjoyed for generations. Nestle Malaysia was the first to voluntarily request for Halal Certification of all its food products when it was first introduced in 1996. This does not imply that Nestle products in Malaysia were not halal prior to that.The certified Halal status for all Nestle Malaysia products provides assurance that Nestle products are manufactured, imported and distributed under the strictest hygienic and sanitary condition in accordance to the Islamic faith. As part of journey towards healthiness, Nestle, through its vision of Nourishing Malaysia, continues to invest in RD, innovate further and renovate existing products to ensure they are more nutritious and healthier by reducing salt, sugar, and fats content to complement the Governments efforts via the 10-Year National Plan of Action for Nutrition to create a healthier Malaysian society. Nestle reaches out to the community everyday and in multitude ways. From helping single mothers to underprivileged children, nourishing budding athletes to mentoring programmes, and bringing nutrition awareness through various activities Nestle is firmly committed to its promise of Nourishing Malaysia. Today, as it continues growing with the nation, Nestle actively seeks avenues in which it can promote healthy lifestyles and wellness in Malaysia as part of its promise of Good Food, Good Life. 1.2Product brand line Nestle Company has introduced many types of products into the market with different brands. The products include junior foods, milk, breakfast cereals, hot cereals, creamers, beverages, coffee, culinary products, chilled dairy, ice-cream, confectionary and chocolate, health science and performance nutrition. The junior food is known as Cerelac. The milk products are Everyday, Lactogen 3, Mom Me, Nan Grow 3, Nan Ha 3, Nan Kid 4, Nespray Cergas, Nespray Full Cream, Nestle Low Fat Milk and Omega Plus Adult Milk. The types of breakfast cereals include Cookie Crisp, Corn Flakes, Fitnesse, Honey Stars, Koko Krunch, Koko Krunch Duo, Milo Cereals and Multi Grain Cheerios. The hot cereals are Nestum Mixed Cereal and Nesvita 3 in 1 Cereal Drinks. The creamer is known as Coffee-Mate. The beverages are Milo with different kinds of packing, Milo Sejuk and Nestea. The brand name of coffee is Nescafe. Maggi 2-Minute Noodles, Maggi culinary sauces, Maggi flavour solutions, Maggi Mi Goreng, Maggi recipe solution and Maggi Soakable are the culinary products of Nestle Company. While the chilled dairy includes Bliss, Fat Free Yogurt, Natural Set Yogurt and Smooth and Fruity Yogurt. The health science products are Nutren Fibre, Nutren Junior, Nutren Optimum, Nutren Untuk Diabetik, Peptamen and Peptamen Junior. The performance nutrition products are Powerbar Beverage System, Powerbar Gel, Powerbar Performance Bar, Powerbar ProteinPlus and Powerbar Triple Threat. 1.3Product introduction A package of 2 Kg Milo is a milk beverage with chocolate and malt. Milo is very popular in Philippines and Malaysia, where the brand name issynonymous with chocolate flavoured drinks, Malaysians were said to be the worlds largest consumers of Milo. This is becauseMilo was once used as a nutrient supplement when it was first introduced in thecountry, and has thus gained a reputation as a must-have drink for the elder andthe younger generations. Milo manufactured in Malaysia is made to dissolve wellin hot water to produce a smooth hot chocolate drink, or with ice added for a colddrink. A package of 2 Kg Milo in Malaysia is served in coffee shop and mamak stalls offering different versions such as Milo Dinosaur, a cup of Milo with an extra spoonful of powdered undisclosed Milo added to it, Milo Godzilla, a cup of Milo with ice cream or topped with whipped cream and the combination of Milo with Nescafe powdered coffee called Neslo. Besides, a package of 2 Kg Milo can consume in many others way. It can added to hot or cold milk to give it a malt chocolate flavour and extra texture. When combined with cold milk, it retains the gritty texture of itsraw state. Milo can be stirred into steamed milk or hot water to create somethingsimilar to hot chocolate or cocoa. Sugar can be added to the Milo beverage, butmany people enjoy it without the addition of sweeteners, appreciating it for its subtle chocolate flavour. Another popular use is to sprinkle it on ice cream, especiallyvanilla ice cream. Moreover, Milo can also be sprinkled on breakfast cereals. 1.4A package of 2Kg Milo as a normal goods A package of 2 Kg Milo is categorized as a normal good because as individual receives more income, they tend to increases their purchases on this product. As income rises, consumers shift to purchase their initial preferred brand which is normal good and decrease their demand for the inferior good. The income of each consumer will affect the demand of 2 Kg Milo. When the income of consumersincreases, the purchasing power of consumer will increase as well and thus they will buy more units of the Milo beverage. As a result, its demand will increase. This indicates that the income of consumers influences the demand of Milo beverage and determines that Milo 2kg pack is normal good. 1.5.1Complement products of 2Kg Milo Complement goods are the goods that must be used together or simultaneously. One of the complement products of Milo is sweetened beverage creamer. It is a creamy and tasty milk product prepared from dairy cows milk, refined sugar, milk fat and vegetable oil.  Ã‚  It is filled with vitamins A, D, and B1 and is ideal to use in making beverages and foods to enhance the taste and smoothness. People usually add some sweetened beverage creamer into Milo beverage and it makes the Milo tastes sweet and enhances the aroma of Milo. In term of complement goods, an increase in the price of one good will cause a decrease in the demand for the other good. Therefore, if the price of Milo increases, the demand for sweetened beverage creamer will decrease or vice versa. Another complement product of Milo is cream cracker. A cream cracker is a flat, dry, crunchy biscuit and is light brown in colour usually square savoury biscuit. They are made from wheat flour and yeast. Most of the people dip the cream cracker into the Milo beverage before putting it into their mouths. Since it is complement good of Milo, the increase or decrease of price of Milo will has impact on the demand of cream cracker. So, if the price of Milo decreases, the demand of cream cracker will increase. 1.5.2 Substitute products of 2Kg Milo A package of 2 Kg Milo has its substitute products or competitors. The most famous substitute products of Milo drinks are Vico and Ovaltine. According to the law of demand, when the price of a product is higher than the substitutes, consumer will buy more units of substitutes. However, Milo which has higher price than its substitutes, Vico and Ovaltine, actually has better sales than them. This is surprising because it is not following the law of demand. This clearly shows how much effort Milos company has put in to build up the reputation and confidence from the consumers. 1.6Market structure A package of 2 kg Milo is a coco-based beverage in monopolistic competition market. In this market, coco-based beverage has the characteristics of many sellers and buyers, differentiated product, price makers and spend money in advertisements to convince consumers. Other than Milo, there are many sellers in this market such as Vico and Ovaltine because of the easy market entry and leads to the increase in the number of competitors which will compete with Milo. Therefore, the company spends a large amount of money in differentiating itself from competitors which are also selling similar products. Its effort can be seen in the product of 2 kg Milo. Milo is action packed with the natural goodness of malt, skimmed milk and cocoa and improved with ACTIGEN-E, a unique combination of 8 vitamins and 4 minerals, which helps in optimal release of energy from food. Therefore, this product is popular among elder and younger generation. As a monopolistic competitive firm, Milo is a price maker company that set its own price for its products. Milo charges higher prices compared to its competitors because it develops varied products by recognizing different types of chocolate beverage. For example, Milo with PROTOMALT contains malt extract which is a mixture of different types of carbohydrates that provides energy and nutrients the body needswhich is safe to be consumed by consumers from different ages.Therefore, the products are sold at higher prices for the unique benefits of products and the cost of producing it. In addition, Milo also spends money in advertisements to convince their consumers. Every year, it will advertise its products in different channels such as newspaper, television and internet. By promoting its products through advertisements, Milo has attracted new customers bases who do not know its products well before and promote its unique formula and benefits of their products to the consumers. Part 2 In the market, the price of 2kg pack Milo is RM31.29 while the price of one of its competitors, Vico is RM30.79. The price of Milo is slightly higher than Vico. There are three main reasons why Milo selling price are higher than Vico, which are the effort on advertisements, different taste and preference and the production and cost of Milo. First and foremost, to make Milo more well-known and to increase the demand of Milo all over Malaysia, Milo make a lot of promotion compare to the competitors, Vico. However, Vico make less effort on advertising its product. Milo makes sure that the advertisements are attractive through all the possible media. Milo makes promotion and advertising through television, internet, newspaper, radio station and leaflets. These promotion activities cost a lot. For example, advertisement of a mother give her children a cup of Milo beverage before going to school will charge with high energy and get enthusiasm. It is effective because many buyers spend money to buy Milo since the advertisements have successfully attracted their attention. Milo firm need to pay extra cost for its advertising cost to sell more Milo. Therefore, the price of Milo is higher compare to Vico. Another reason why Milo can sell higher price compare to Vico is because of the taste and preference. Milo is one of the most recognizable brands in Malaysia. Milo brings the nostalgic taste compare to Vico. Milo captures all the features and nutritional benefits of Vico. Milo contains PPROTOMALT, a malt extract found only in Milo, but not Vico. PROTOMALT provides complex carbohydrates, a good source of energy for a balanced diet. Furthermore, Milo has constantly improved the nutritional values of Milo by making it more wholesome and nutritious while ensuring that every delicious mug of Milo delivers the same energy goodness. Moreover, the production and cost of Milo differentiated it from its competitors, Vico. To produce one product, the firm need a good raw material. For Milo, it needs to get raw material such as cocoa from cocoa supplier. If the supplier increases the cocoa price, it will also affect the price of Milo because the Milos cost of production will increase. In Malaysia, Milo needs to import cocoa. The suppliers for basic ingredients like cocoa can increase price resulting in high price for Milo in comparison with Vico. Hence, Milo is a beverage for everyone which suitable for all income level since the price that set by the company is affordable. Although the price of Milo is slightly higher compare to its competitor, Vico, it does not affect the market demand of Milo. Instead, Milo is very competitive since the price is high in quality and most of the consumer does consume the beverage for the taste and preference not the matter of price. Part 3 Firm Advantages Differentiated Products Milos company runs in monopolistic competition market where Milo is a differentiated product. Milo is said to be differentiated from other competitive product because Milo is actually different enough compared to other substitutes although they are similar. As mentioned previously, Milo do contains PROTOMALT and ANTIGEN-E which are not available in the substitutes. This is what makes Milo so different compared to other coco drinks. Besides that, because of doing a lot of advertisement, its green-coloured package is widely recognised in the society compared to other coco drinks. Therefore, even Milo is slightly more expensive than the competitors, Milo is still the primary choice of most consumers. Engagement in advertisement In accordance to what is mentioned above, Milos company does advertisement very frequently in every form of mass media to promote Milo. Because of this, Milo became very well-known to every consumer in the market. The engagement also strengthens Milos differentiation in the market as consumers know how special Milo is compared to other substitutes. Furthermore, consumers will be fed with information of the special features of Milo in terms of how Milo affects ones energy level and health and what special nutrition Milo contains and even special offers. This ensures the consumers are kept informed on every new features and breakthrough of Milo so that they will continue their support toward Milo. As a result, this indirectly maintained or even improved the sales of Milo. Firm Disadvantages High Expenses Milos company has quite high expenses to operate in monopolistic competition market. A big portion of expenses are actually used in marketing and advertising as they are always renewing and revising their contents in advertisements. The work to come out with new advertisement needs cost as well. Besides that, the cost in researching new formula for enhancement of Milos taste and healthiness could not be neglected as well. Apart from that, costs of designing and implementing new appearance of packages have also contributed a lot in the total expenditure. Yet, these expenses could not be ignored as the company need to ensure Milos differentiation within the market or other competitive companies might take over their status in the market. Threat of competitors One of the characteristics of monopolistic competition market is the entry and exit of new firms are free. Therefore, Milos company which operates in this market will face many competitors and each of them will somehow have their own special features in their respective product. Because of that, Milos company will need to put extra effort to maintain its status in the market and not being replaced by the other competitive companies. They need to always revise and come out with new features install in Milo. For example, they have just come out with a new feature called the Milo Sejuk, which consumers can straight away mix cold water into the Milo powder instead of hot water. Consumer Advantages Informational advertisements Milo, a product from monopolistic competition market, is often being seen on advertisements from television, radio and signboards. Because of the regular advertisements made by the company, consumers are always kept informed on the uniqueness of Milo, likely the types of ingredients used, instead of other substitutes. Therefore, consumers always know the benefits they will probably get after purchasing Milo, either benefits on health or implicit benefits. Therefore, consumers need not to worry on the quality of Milo and can have full confidence on it. Enjoy new features As consumers of Milo in monopolistic competition market, they can enjoy frequent update from Milo in terms of the products features. As mentioned above, Milos company who faces many competitive forces needs to always revise and renew Milos feature. As a result, this actually gives consumers an opportunity to enjoy more new features from Milo. For example, when Milo is added with new nutrition, consumers enjoy the healthier Milo. When Milo Sejuk is introduced, consumers enjoy more convenience in consuming Milo. Consumer Disadvantages High price Because of the nature of monopolistic competition market, Milo which is categorised in this market is sold in a relatively higher price. As mentioned, Milos company has put many efforts to ensure the excellence of its product in many aspects, such as the nutritional value, recognisable packaging and most importantly the informational advertisements and these uses a lot of money. Therefore, Milos company has no choice but to increase the prices of Milo to cover the expenses made in the production of Milo. Part 4 Our research product Milo was introduced in Malaysia in 1950 and has won the affection of many Malaysians. Milo 2kg is Malaysians much-loved beverage. Milo 2kg is not just an ordinary coco malt drink. It contains PROTOMALT, a malted barley extract that supplies complex carbohydrates, the preferred, recommended source of energy in a balanced diet. It also has a good part of the nutrients naturally present in barley. Milo 2kg contain nutritional icon on each pack reinforces the nutritional properties that consumer can get from every cup of nutritious and great-tasting Milo. Milo 2kg packaging is the most direct and largest communication vehicle that the organization had with the most impressions they can deliver. Its distinguishes its product through easily recognizable packaging which is its green colour packaging. The firm also makes some effort in the advertisement to convince the consumer or potential consumer to purchase and consume their product. Advertising such as creates a creative slogan in order to make sure consumer will remember Milo. Example of slogan is Buy Milo 2kg free 200g. To make Milo 2kg more interesting to buy, the firm adds some cereal. The cereal will increase the cost of production and at the same time, the price of Milo will also increase. That is why quality factor can affect the price of Milo. After our research for the assignment, we found that the assignment was useful for us. From the assignment, we know more about four market structures. Our research product, Milo 2kg pack, had certainly assist us for a better understanding on the monopolistic competition market. We knew that monopolistic competition market is a market which is characterized by many small sellers, a differentiated product and easy market entry and exist. We understand that the many-sellers condition is met when each firm is so small relative to the total market that its pricing decisions have a negligible effect on the market price. We comprehend that when a product is differentiated, buyers are not indifferent as to which sellers product they buy. Besides, we knew that different kind of product will have distinguished level of demand from the communities. If a product has a high demand, it will attract other producer to produce the same or even better product. As a result, there will be a lot of compe titors and competition. All the producers will make their product popular and more favourable. 26_01b Economic Profit Normal Profit26_01a Our empirical findings in this research had fulfilled our expectations regarding economics. In the short run, Milos company in monopolistic competition able to make economic profits, but in the long run these will be competed away and the Milos company will only be able to make normal profit. In the short run and long run, Milos company will maximise their profit by maximization rule where marginal cost equal to marginal revenue (MC =MR). In the short run, price (Demand Curve) is exceeding the ATC (Average Total Cost ) curve and Milos company can make economic profit. However, in the long run, new firms will be attracted into the industry by the economic profits. The entry of new firms leads to an  increase  in the supply of differentiated products, which causes Milos company market demand curve to shift to the  left.   As the entry of the market increases, Milos company demand curve will continue shifting to the left until it is tangent to the average total cost curve at the profit maximizing level of output. At this point, Milos company economic profits are zero, and there is no longer any incentive for new firms to enter the market. Thus, in the long-run, the competition brought about by the entry of new firms will cause each firm in a monopolistic competitive market to earn normal profits. If we intend to establish a company, we will choose monopoly market which is large in size, to enter. We choose monopoly market because monopoly is a market structure characterize by single seller, others are impossible to entry our market, a unique product and most importantly, we will be the price makers. Firstly, in monopoly, a single firm is the industry. This is because we will be the only one producer or seller exists for a product. Because of single firm in the industry, we will produce output at lower per unit cost than two or more firms. Our monopoly firm will provides the total supply of a product in a given market. For example, we can run as the only Mexican Food in Kampar area. Secondly, there are barriers to entry into monopoly market that prevent competition. In comparison to prefect competition, there are no constrains to prevent new firms from entering an industry. Barriers such as legal barriers, economies of scale, network good and ownership of an essential resource. These barriers are so high that prevent any other firm from entering the market we chosen that is monopoly market. This will certainly give us incumbent advantages. We will earn normal profit in the short run too. Next, we will have a unique product. A unique product means there are no close substitutes for the monopolists product. Thus, we face little or no competition. In reality, however, there are few, if any, products that have no close substitutes. Lastly, we will be the price makers. Price makers means we will have to power to control the price. Sometimes, we as a seller can charge different customers, different prices, for the same good or service when the cost of providing the good or services does not differ among customers. We choose monopoly market because the price discrimination is possible only with monopoly or where members of a small group of firms follow identical pricing policies. In a conclusion, we will choose monopoly market as monopoly is a market structure characterize by single seller, others are impossible to entry our market, a unique product and most importantly, we will be the price makers.

Emerging Themes In A Country Doctor English Literature Essay

Emerging Themes In A Country Doctor English Literature Essay A Country Doctor is a short story written by Franz Kafka (1883-1924), a Polish Jew renowned for his distinctive literature. It is the story of a rural doctor who is called upon to attend to a patient in circumstances of perfect difficulty-deep in the night, amid a severe snowstorm, to travel ten miles when he has lately lost to the cold the life of his horse that draws his carriage. His maids efforts to search around for a borrowed horse are fruitless-as the doctor himself anticipates. Acting in frustration he kicks open an old disused pigsty, and from it proceeds help: a groom and two horses to his aid-or so he believes-only for the groom to set him up for the journey and then unexpectedly remain to embark on fulfilling his violent lust on the doctors defenceless maid, as he has wickedly proclaimed intent. The doctor arrives in no time and is briskly shown to the patient, who immediately makes his desire to die privately known to the doctor, causing this journey to reveal itself to the doctor as an exercise in futility, especially as he recollects the desperate situation he has left his maid in on account of his own imprudent departure, and as he initially fails to see what is ailing the invalid youth. He rejects the old hosts courtesy of a drink of rum offered, feigning attention to the patients case in spite of his foregone conclusion. It soon becomes clear that he plans to leave the young man unattended, but amid all the unease this realisation causes on the hosts, he is helped by a maidens holding of a bloody cloth to see the patients wound near his hip-a festering ugly rose-like wound with large worms wriggling inside. The hosts soon strip off his clothes and cast him beside the patient on the wounded side as children sing strangely outside, and the two are left alone together. The doctor is forced to calm the patient to tranquil death with somewhat self-excusing arguments. He is keen to escape this situation and hurriedly climbs a horse naked, dragging the other one, the carriage and fur coat along, but the horses make no haste, painfully suspending him in the moment of feeling empty and wasted. Challenged first with the requirement to be capable of responding urgently to a patients call in spite of inconvenient timing, distance and weather; secondly with the requirement to procure means in a situation of unanticipated lack which highlights his precarious unsociability (or that of his neighbours); thirdly, the requirement to protect his vulnerable maid from an explicit threat of a sex predator at a time when duty calls elsewhere; and fourthly, the requirement to make a correct professional decision, faced with a patient who wants to be helped to die and amid feelings and thoughts of guilt, the doctor is dismayed to find himself failing too often. Even after he finds these challenges daunting, he is left to wallow in frustrations he encounters: one being his ultimate inability to rescue his maid; he is incapable of being urgently helpful to her despite meaning to be all along since he left for duty. Things do not work out for him as he had hoped, though initially it is a frustration to him as well that she is abandoned to this vile groom who prefers to delight himself in her misery over accompanying the doctor as the doctor had expected. Yet another is that he finds himself unable to treat his patient-he does not end up curing him. Furthermore, the patient does not even wish to be cured; he wishes to die, and is hostile to the doctors attendance. The doctor finds the whole journey amounting to a response to a false alarm, with added professional frustrations, which rubbed it in how truly unhappy and humiliated it makes his life. Initially, the death of his faithful old horse was a frustration that he hoped to overcome, but it persists as he finds that the horses he is newly experiencing only serve to complicate his predicament, as if by some conspiracy of circumstances, in the manner which they ride him off when he wishes to stay and help his frightened maid; and they walk him ever so slowly back whereas he wishes to escape his unpleasant ordeal and return to redeem his already his already molested Rosa. Perhaps we can call this short story a nightmare. Perhaps it is a literal nightmare-that is plausible-owing to the psychological intensity of the narrated experience. The author almost seems to rush and club together the doctors experiences, giving him such little control, and all along portraying how intense the doctors emotions and thoughts are over the whole ordeal. Or it may be viewed as a metaphorical nightmare; a narration of events that anyone would hate to experience in real life as they fictionally occurred to the country doctor, the main character of the story. Arguably, though, some events in the story occur in a manner somehow fraught with mystery, such as the plot-convenient and plot-rescuing presence of the pigsty, from which come this groom and these horses which serve to deepen the doctors personal crisis; the mischievous and uncharacteristic but highly aware songs which the children sing and the intelligent behaviour of the horses. But there are themes which emerge in this story. One is the dilemma of professional occupation and domestic or private obligation. This theme is demonstrated especially in that moment when the doctor helplessly witnesses his maid being ambushed by the groom, as he is ridden off in his carriage to work. The predicament haunts him throughout his call of duty, and is regularly brought to stark remembrance as he works, causing in him an inner restlessness and emptiness. Some commentators have shown this theme as being pertinent in Kafkas life-he is torn between happiness in relationships and his writing career. Another is the moral complexities professional ethics face, as in the case of euthanasia in the medical profession. Is it right to cure a patient who wishes to die? Should a doctor have to make such a decision? Might a doctor sometimes lack the will or form to be helpful to a patient owing to a personal or private crisis? What happens then? Should he be forced to work-is such compulsion successful anyway? Moreover, there is an apparent thematic conspiracy of circumstances, and its potential to change a persons perspective to life. Is it an ordinary thing-and is it good? Especially because we see another theme: the doctor is plunged into an existential crisis. All what he values in his life -both private and professional-is under attack, and he fails to satisfy his own standards and expectations of himself. Is private life worth sacrificing for profession-particularly if profession is potentially life-saving? Could it be that sacrificing private life ends up destroying ones professional competence? Clearly though, the choices sometimes may have to be mutually exclusive, and the individual risks suffering helpless regret whichever way. Kafka, Franz. A Country Doctor. Trans. Ian Johnston. Nanaimo, BC: Malaspina University-College, 21 Feb. 2009. Web. 18 May 2010. Soman, Ebey. Literary analysis: The Country Doctor, by Franz Kafka. Helium, Inc. Web. 21 May 2010. Bernardo, Karen. Franz Kafkas The Country Doctor. www.storybites.com. Web. 21 May 2010.

Unrelated Incidents’ by Tom Leonard and Search for my Tongue by Sujata Bhatt :: English Literature

What does the way a person speaks tell us about the person? ‘Unrelated Incidents’ by Tom Leonard and ‘Search for my Tongue’ by Sujata Bhatt are two poems that give people an incite into how a person is perceived by others, by the way that they speak. ‘Unrelated Incidents’ is about how the BBC newsreaders all talking in Standard English and will not have a Scottish person reading the news because the viewers will not understand there accent, Tom Leonard views this as discrimination and shows his dislike to this attitude in his poem. ‘Search for my Tongue’ is about Sujata Bhatt’s personal experiences with learning another language and having to speak in a foreign tongue and forgetting about the mother tongue which is the original language. When Sujata thinks that she has finally lost her mother tongue she starts to hear it again in her dreams. The layout of the poem ‘Unrelated Incidents’ is set out in an unusual way because of the poem talking about the BBC newsreaders. When the newsreaders reads out the news they read it off of autocue and this is how the poem is set out. When first looking at ‘Unrelated Incidents’ it is difficult to read because of the spellings of the words. The poem is written phonetically and not in Standard English. Tom Leonard says in line 27-30 ‘this is me token yir right way a spellin.’ Leonard also uses colloquial which is slang he uses it in the last line with ‘belt up’ he does this to mock the way the news is read because of the poem being written as if it were the six clock news. This is different to ‘Search for my Tongue’ because Sujata Bhatt for 15 lines writes in English but then from line 16-29 writes in Gujarati which is her mother language, beneath this it also tells the reader how to read this language (which is spelt phonetically). The lines written in Gujarati is actually the first part of the poem written again and when you read it the first part sounds harsh and not very nice to read but when you read it for a second time in Gujarati it flows and is nice to read. In ‘Unrelated Incidents’ and ‘Search for my Tongue’ they either are cross or upset with themselves or with others around them. In the poem ‘Unrelated Incidents’ the Scottish man is angry for being rejected by the BBC just because of the way that he talks and because of his accent and in ‘Search for my Tongue’ she is upset with herself for not

Your Dog is Your Father: The Deceptive Simplicity of Eristic in the Euthydemus :: Essays Papers

Your Dog is Your Father: The Deceptive Simplicity of Eristic in the Euthydemus What is particularly striking about the opening exchanges of the Euthydemus between Socrates and Crito is that they seem to establish the setting and characters of the dialogue concretely—Socrates and his attractive young friend Clinias meet the well-known brothers Euthydemus and Dionysodorus at the Lyceum and ask them to display what Crito calls their â€Å"particular wisdom,† and what they call simply â€Å"virtue.† However, within these first few pages of dialogue, we already begin to sense something about the brothers that makes them difficult to pin down. When Crito asks, â€Å"Where do they come from, and what is their particular wisdom?†, Socrates is vague on their origins—they are from both Greece and Italy, and at the time of the dialogue, they are exiles with no proper city (271c). Thus, they seem to be from everywhere at once. Their â€Å"particular wisdom† turns out to be quite unparticular as well—Socrates claims they can win any fight, making them, one would assume, wise at everything. Whereas both Socrates and Crito dwell on the physical and character descriptions of Clinias and even Ctesippus, the brothers, who are ostensibly the primary focus of the dialogue, are given no personal description at all (271b, 273a). Indeed, when Ctesippus takes up a tirade against them in the Lyceum, he is completely unable to identify them, addressing them as, â€Å"men of Thurii or Chios, or from wherever and however you like to be styled† (288b). In his frustration at their elusiveness, he articulates this very unnatural ability of the brothers to be from everywhere and argue any position, and quite accurately compares them to Proteus, the shape-shifter (288c). Moreover, the brothers are interested in hiding their past occupations in order to appear to be purely teachers of â€Å"virtue,† as Euthydemus insists (273d). Socrates makes a point of reminding both the audience in the Lyceum and Crito that the brothers achieved their reputation as teachers of military combat and rhetoric (271d-272b, 273c). Euthydemus is eager to belittle these skills, laughing when Socrates praises them and calling them â€Å"diversions† to his main interest (273c). However, Socrates does not discard them as easily, and in his later conversation with Crito, he praises the brothers as â€Å"all-round fighters† and considers their skill at eristic to be the â€Å"finishing touch to pancrastic art,† implying that we must view it in concert with their previous interests in order to understand what is so striking about it that it should motivate Socrates to want to seek out their tutelage (272a). Your Dog is Your Father: The Deceptive Simplicity of Eristic in the Euthydemus :: Essays Papers Your Dog is Your Father: The Deceptive Simplicity of Eristic in the Euthydemus What is particularly striking about the opening exchanges of the Euthydemus between Socrates and Crito is that they seem to establish the setting and characters of the dialogue concretely—Socrates and his attractive young friend Clinias meet the well-known brothers Euthydemus and Dionysodorus at the Lyceum and ask them to display what Crito calls their â€Å"particular wisdom,† and what they call simply â€Å"virtue.† However, within these first few pages of dialogue, we already begin to sense something about the brothers that makes them difficult to pin down. When Crito asks, â€Å"Where do they come from, and what is their particular wisdom?†, Socrates is vague on their origins—they are from both Greece and Italy, and at the time of the dialogue, they are exiles with no proper city (271c). Thus, they seem to be from everywhere at once. Their â€Å"particular wisdom† turns out to be quite unparticular as well—Socrates claims they can win any fight, making them, one would assume, wise at everything. Whereas both Socrates and Crito dwell on the physical and character descriptions of Clinias and even Ctesippus, the brothers, who are ostensibly the primary focus of the dialogue, are given no personal description at all (271b, 273a). Indeed, when Ctesippus takes up a tirade against them in the Lyceum, he is completely unable to identify them, addressing them as, â€Å"men of Thurii or Chios, or from wherever and however you like to be styled† (288b). In his frustration at their elusiveness, he articulates this very unnatural ability of the brothers to be from everywhere and argue any position, and quite accurately compares them to Proteus, the shape-shifter (288c). Moreover, the brothers are interested in hiding their past occupations in order to appear to be purely teachers of â€Å"virtue,† as Euthydemus insists (273d). Socrates makes a point of reminding both the audience in the Lyceum and Crito that the brothers achieved their reputation as teachers of military combat and rhetoric (271d-272b, 273c). Euthydemus is eager to belittle these skills, laughing when Socrates praises them and calling them â€Å"diversions† to his main interest (273c). However, Socrates does not discard them as easily, and in his later conversation with Crito, he praises the brothers as â€Å"all-round fighters† and considers their skill at eristic to be the â€Å"finishing touch to pancrastic art,† implying that we must view it in concert with their previous interests in order to understand what is so striking about it that it should motivate Socrates to want to seek out their tutelage (272a).

Romulus My Father Notes for Belonging

* Study Questions * * Chapter 1 * 1. Romulus has a crisis in identity. He feels he is accepted in society due to his skill in blacksmithing trade. Although accepted, he does not feel he belongs due to his culture and heritage. His character is tied up with a strong moral code, in working hard, pride, communal strength and contributing to society but has no confidence in identity and how he fits in. He â€Å"Always considered himself a Romanian. † And felt he belongs to that part of his heritage. He carried this culture through to Australia and keeps these character traits, which could be the reason he is separated socially.He is a religious man that takes education seriously and in the highest regards. He always knew poverty and hard work for the community rather than money, which is why he was able to work so hard as a blacksmith for no pay. This shows his strength of character and good work ethic. He felt attached to Europe and therefore detached from Australia. In retrospec t he was accepted by many people due to his hard work but still didn’t ‘belong’. * 2. Retrospective, hard working before and after school. Romulus prides himself on character.The luxury that he didn’t get his son now is able to enjoy. Also not having a childhood because he worked the whole time. Raimond was able to become a writer and enjoy more creative things in life. He had free time where as his father didn’t. His dad grew up with little money and had to work for all the money he needed where as Raimond didn’t have to work as much. Most importantly however, Raimond was able to enjoy a sense of belonging when he was growing up to his father and family. Romulus was unable to enjoy any real sense of belonging whilst growing up.Raymond would not have the same work ethic as his father; His dad thought that everything would revolve around his work. He worked before and after school. Romulus is a pragmatist or a practical man due to his job to g et things done. This is because of his lack of childhood he has no humor, etc. Raimond was not made to contribute to the family and community as much as his father. He doesn’t always need to work for money; he came from a communist country so he worked for community. Education was very important to him and becomes apparent through his child.He was a very strong, integrity, incorruptible, non-negotiable, religious and inflexible man. * 3. In ‘retrospect’ or hindsight Raimond is able to show his perspective contrasting to his fathers perspective. â€Å"Childhood as we know it† positions the reader to realize that childhood is a small time frame and many do not enjoy it such as his father. It makes people realize how hard times were back then. * 4. The use of past and present tense enables the author to show his perspective of things and relate things to present day situations. This also positions the reader to understand hindsight and retrospectively. 5. He was a working class opposed to middle class. This is because he is a blacksmith and works hard long hours to get money and gets by with minimalistic things. Romulus believes that she is snobbish and her activities such as going to the theatres were mistakenly snobby. Christine’s parents were able to accept him even though there was a distinct difference in class because of Romulus’ availability to clothes through the black-market. He was able to get food and clothes from the money he made. The money he earned allowed their relationship to be socially acceptable. * Chapter 2 * 6.The labels ‘immigrant’, ‘foreigner’ and ‘new Australian’ are used to set a tone of alienation. It creates a clear separation between the Australians and the â€Å"Bolts†. Romulus felt no anger or â€Å"no resentment or indignation, or any other response which depended on the assumption that he was owed something better. † He was able to reconc ile the terms above by having no negative feelings. He also held onto his â€Å"young dreams of a new life and so he saw his two years of bondage as a short interim,† * 7. (p. 13) Baringhup: hay day late 1800’s. Cheeses were famous won many prizes. Small town. 00 kids at school. Flourishing community and therefore belonging to community. 1950 became a ghost town. Rather sentimental, gaiter feels bad that the community has diminished. The juxtaposition between the two paragraphs of the heyday compared to the ghost town of 10 houses and convenience store. Camp swelled in gold rush. When they weren’t working, little to do. Movies on sat night and occasional dances hosted. Immigrants didn’t like the eucalyptus. * 8. The landscape became symbolic of Romulus’ sense of alienation because of the idea the Romulus feels like a stranger due to the environment.He doesn’t recognize the harsh and perceived blandness of the Australian scenery. He has a bur ning desire for the European atmosphere shown, â€Å"He longed for the generous and soft European foliage. † Romulus finds the gum trees, â€Å"Symbols of deprivation and barrenness† (p. 14) This shows him being alienated and feeling foreign due to the landscape and he feels that he would look â€Å"directly to the foliage and always turned away offended. † (p. 14) It is Romulus’ memories being based around the diverse and beautiful European environment that is one of the reasons he feels lost and separated in Australia. 9. Romulus establishes a sense of community in his new environment with the other Romanians, Hora and Mitru. â€Å"He asked the man who greeted any new arrivals whether there were any other Romanians. † In searching for them it shows his need to find a sense of belonging. â€Å"He sought them out and they became friends quickly,† depicts the idea that they all needed a companionship and somewhere to belong amongst the foreig n surroundings. This idea that it an essential part to the human spirit is demonstrated through the use of the concise phrasing and wording of this bonding.The lack of detail in this part shows that immediately they sorted out to find somewhere to belong and then after that was settled, other factors were now able to take place. This is reinforced by the principles of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. It is through the searching for common people that Romulus shows his spiritual needs to belong and connect. * * Chapter 3 * 10. The landscape illustrates a feeling of belonging or alienation to a place. â€Å"A dead red gum stood only a hundred meters from the house and became for my mother a symbol of her desolation. This shows how the countryside invokes ideas of desolation and alienation into his mothers mind. The use of symbolism and irony of the Australian tree that is renowned for lasting through harsh conditions contrasting with Christine who has a mental breakdown and has to back away from many commitments and is viewed to have very little character and any sagaciousness towards going through a tough time. The peppercorns â€Å"were planted as though to mediate between local and European landscapes. † Shows that there is not only despondency with the outback but also a consciousness of belonging.These two quotes create a stark juxtaposition from the gum trees to the peppercorns, which reminded his father of home. This inkling is backed up with the description of Frogmore. The farm being a simple place with no electricity or running water, rats and snakes living under the house and 6-7 pounds for workers in the area creates the primitive existence. This contributes and reinforces the concept of isolation and desolation through surroundings. The use of the descriptive and almost poetic language emphasizes these points. Also Raimond retrospectively looks back at how his mother felt.These points demonstrate tensions between the desire to belong and alienation. * 11. Christine was always troubled and spoiled which lead to her suffering isolation. She stemmed to self-harm, then sort out reconciliation. She did this by looking for company or someone to belong to. She had an affair with Mitru, which didn’t last long. Due to her alienation, she felt deprived and overdosed on sleeping tablets. â€Å"She was alone, small, frail, walking with an uncertain gait and distracted air. † Shows how the separation has affected her. The use of visual imagery shows how small she is compared to the vast environment. †¦She appeared forsaken. † As though â€Å"†¦she had returned from the dead. † The use of Religious and biblical allusion create a mellow dramatic setting. People view her as a drama queen. Raimond writes the book in hindsight in a sorrowful manner. As though to give the reader the interpretation that he feels sorry for her and what she had to do. He tries to understand her feelings of isolation a nd seclusion. He tries to be sympathetic towards her in retrospect, even though at the time, she was widely considered pathetic. * 12. Romulus, as an immigrant from a European background, finds it hard to ‘fit in’ among Australians.This could be due to his character and strong moral codes, but also due to him just being different. Him being afraid of the snake, and â€Å"unused to the tinder-dry conditions† caused Romulus to set fire to a large proportion of the property. â€Å"My father was the focus of their hostile attention. † This goes to show that they do not accept him at this point in time and therefore does not belong to either the people or the environment. They all believe he is too different. This is juxtaposed with the change in shorter paragraph structure to emphasis the change in opinion.People â€Å"attributed his survival to my father’s prompt and sensible action. † This shows how he is not completely outcast and he does belo ng to certain parts of the society despite his differences and misunderstandings with some locals. * * Chapter 4 * 13. Hora’s connection with Romulus illustrates a deep sense of belonging and their combining for an enterprise. Hora however, does not respect Christine. There is a contrast between belonging with Hora and Romulus and his alienating attitude to Raimond’s mother. â€Å"He and Hora, together,† gives a hint of the bondage and belonging to one and other. They had quarreled and they quarreled,† deeply juxtaposes the idea of belonging and indicates a stark reality of separation and disconnection. â€Å"Heightened his impatience with my mother. † Shows that Hora has little respect for Christine. The constant argument between them also goes to show that he has such little respect for her. The emotive language used in â€Å"my mother was stricken with remorse,† helps to bring out the irony in the statement. The mother had not cared about her husband, was selfish, flirtatious with other men, exaggerated, had a false note and was incapable of sympathizing with another person yet she had â€Å"remorse†.We can see further disrespect through the use of prosaic and factual language: â€Å"Hora disliked her and did not respect her. † Also through the use of symbolism such as with the oranges, eggs and milk. They are symbols of looking after and a sense of responsibility, also the relationship tension between him and Christine. However a connection to Romulus and Raimond is shown through respect in contrast to disrespect with his mother. He goes to the effort to get oranges â€Å"each week he carried groceries, fruit and anything else we needed† p. 45 â€Å"my mother was unmoved by his efforts† p. 45.The eggs are a positive symbol of belonging, responsibilities from belonging, carrying the family, respect for Romulus and therefore belonging to family. It also is a symbol of livelihood. The milk s hows responsibility of wanting Raimond to eat right and again respecting Romulus’ ways. â€Å"Carried†¦in a heavy sack on his back† symbolizes him carrying the weight and responsibility of belonging to the family on his back. This is the upmost respect for Romulus, doing it whilst despising Christine in the process. Hora carrying them It is through these statements that we can clearly see the contrasting respect for Christine to Romulus. 14. ‘Pass auf mein lieber Fritz’ exemplifies the connection between Hora and Raimond. This represents Hora’s sense of responsibility and mark of respect to Romulus. â€Å"Our previously affectionate relationship,† shows a strong connection between the two. Although it changes slightly due to disciplinary action, he still is a ‘father figure’ and they find a feeling of belonging to each other. The use of a cliche â€Å"when I was sailing close to the wind,† emphasizes the belonging and respect that Raimond has for Hora, that he would never try to cross the border line.The relationship serves a purpose of showing belonging to each other but not belonging with place. Their close attachment through alienation, because they feel so left out, they form a close relationship with each other. The close bond between them is symbolic of him belonging to the family in replace of Romulus as a â€Å"step in father†. This close relationship is shown. * 15. Like most Europeans sets Romulus apart from Raimond because of the strong moral codes. The razor is important because it shows how strong Romulus’s moral code is. Raimond lied about steeling the razor.Romulus gets more ‘angry’ about him lying about it rather than steeling it as well. This shows the strength in his moral code and overreacts with a vicious beating of Raimond for a corruption in his character. We see the repetition or theme of character appearing in this part of the chapter. This focu s of character emphasizes the disconnection, difference and contrast between Romulus â€Å"like most Europeans† and Raimond. As Raimond didn’t see himself as European he feels the isolation and separation in pressure on strength of character.Romulus also feels disconnected as Raimond says retrospectively, â€Å"He feared that I would be like my mother. † This shows that Romulus feels Raimond is closer to his mother than him and could maybe belong better with her. The â€Å"cut throat razor† shows the difference in times as Romulus values the razor for its â€Å"craftsmanship† and aesthetic value. Raimond however, feels that it could be used to cut wood and doesn’t value it as much and therefore throws it in the river. This again shows the lack of belonging Raimond has to his fathers European background.Retrospectively he looks at them belonging to each other and he has utmost respect for his father even though at the time there is more tensi on and disconnection. â€Å"I knew my father valued truthfulness above most things,† This sets high moral codes which may have led to him not belonging due to the higher than normal standards and values set. Through this we can see Raimond and Romulus are separated through this strong moral code even though they may appear to belong. * 16. The relationship between father and son is strongly depicted through the Spartan description of Frogmore life.There is a change in language, the Spartan lifestyle shown by simple, banal and prosaic sort of language. This is a symbol of a beginning to belong to each other and possibly the environment. This contrasts with the next passage, which is crammed with rich and emotive language. This also shows a sense of connection and belonging to education and the belief in learning they posses. Romulus’ leg is mended and he is able to go back to his trade, being a blacksmith. This creates a sense of harmony. Romulus becomes connected, not with community but with his son, trade, past and background.Descriptive language highlights the new sense of belonging. â€Å"This was better than the poultry farming. †, â€Å"Classical hammer beaten iron work†, â€Å"Took such pride†, â€Å"crafted so superbly†, â€Å"copious amounts of fruit†. These use excessive adjectives, over description and exaggeration to create an appearance of harmony and peace to the reader. This helps the reader to become more attached to their relationship after times of adversity. This is a happy time for Romulus and therefore a happy time for his son. Present participles have an emotive effect all creating a sense of belonging between father and son.