Effectiveness of the criminal justice system Essay

Assess the effectiveness of the criminal justice system when dealing with young offenders The criminal justice system approaches young offenders through unique policies to address the challenges of dealing with juvenile offending. They take special care when dealing with juveniles in order to stop them from repeat offending and stop any potential bad behaviour which could result in future. Juveniles have the highest tendency to rehabilitate and most adopt law-abiding lifestyles as they mature. There are several factors influencing juvenile crime including psychological and social pressures unique to juveniles, which may lead to an increase in juvenile’s risks of contact with the criminal justice system. Firstly, crime committed by persons between the ages of 15 to 19 are more likely to be processed by police more often than any other societal group, making crime rates in this age bracket significantly higher. This is due to the fact that offence rates usually peak during adolescence and will decline with maturity which happens during early adulthood. The processing of these crimes helps to embed the seed of legal knowledge in the mind of a child in hopes of shaping their future actions. In NSW the age of criminal responsibility is defined by statute as 10 years of age (Children’s (Criminal Proceedings) Act 1987 NSW). This means that a child under the age of 10 years cannot be prosecuted for a crime. The basis of this is the recognition of the immaturity and vulnerability of children and, hence, their inability to form the requisite criminal intent known as mens rea which protects a child from being tried at the level of the adult while they are not developed enough to know the difference between right and wrong. Additionally, the common law presumption of doli incapax refers to the presumption that a child is â€Å"incapable of committing a crime† between 10 and 14 years of age which protects a child who was unaware that the act was wrong. Police are entitled to require that a young person provide them with name, address and proof of identity. As with adults, police have no general power to detain a child for the purpose of questioning. A child or young person  cannot be taken to the police station unless they are under arrest. If arrested, the child’s parents or guardian must be contacted. A child cannot be questioned by police for more than two hours at any one time and is entitled to have their parent, guardian or solicitor present during questioning. If the child is younger than 16 years, parental permission must be obtained or another supporting adult to be present during questioning. There are some exceptions to this in relation to, for example, motor vehicles. If a young person is the owner of a motor vehicle, they are required by law to tell police the name and address of the driver of the vehicle if it is alleged that the driver committed a driving offence. The Children’s Court only hears proceedings for offenders under 18 years or those who are still under 21 years and committed or were charged with the crime while under the age of 18. For this reason, it is a closed court and proceedings aim to be less formal so not to intimidate the child and protect them from harsh labeling and indirect defamation by the wider community which could potentially affect their future. The names of children and young people appearing in the Children’s Court are not published; it is an offence for media outlets to do so. Under very special circumstance the court may grant permission for names to be published.The cases are usually presided over by a Magistrate and there is no jury. The primary purpose of sentencing and the entire process is to nullify the situation and come up with a plan of action to rehabilitate the offender more than punish them, for this reason, it is highly effective. The primary aim of a court when imposing a penalty on a child or young person is to rehabilitate them and give them an opportunity to rebuild their lives and hopefully not reoffend. Magistrates will often request that Juvenile Justice prepare a background report on the child or young person to assist them in the sentencing process. If a guilty plea is entered or the young person is found guilty of a crime, the following penalties may be imposed: A caution may be issued The offender may be referred to a Youth Justice Conference Depending on the offender’s ability to pay they may be fined to a maximum of  $1000 Community Service may be ordered; up to 100 hours for offenders under 16 years and up to 250 hours for those older than 16 The may be placed on a good behaviour bond Discuss factors that affect sentencing decisions, including the purposes of punishment and the role of the victim Statutory and judicial guidelines inform the exercise of judicable discretion in the area of sentencing. They aim to provide greater uniformity in sentencing matters and enhance the integrity of the process. Judicial guidelines are set by the NSW Court of Criminal Appeal. They are not binding but their aim is to structure discretion. For example, for the offence of culpable driving the court has indicated that in the normal course a custodial sentence should be imposed unless exceptional circumstances exist. In terms of statutory guidelines a number of acts inform the exercise of judicial discretion. For example, the Crimes Act 1900 NSW prescribes the maximum sentence that may be imposed for various offences. The Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act 1999 NSW also prescribes general guidelines in relation to sentencing. For example it identifies what might constitute a mitigating or aggravating circumstance. However, it is left to the exercise of judicial discretion as to how much weight should be given to such circumstances. The sentence that a Court imposes upon an accused is informed by differing punishment objectives. The objective of deterrence is to discourage people from offending in the future. There are two types of deterrence. Specific deterrence aims to deter an individual offender from re-offending, e.g. a short custodial sentence could be said to have a specific deterrent effect by giving the offender a â€Å"taste† of the prison system in the hope that this will discourage further criminal activity. General deterrence aims to send a message to the community that criminal behaviour is unacceptable and will be punished: for example the imposition of a custodial sentence for a particular crime, whether of short or long duration, could be argued to have a general deterrent effect. This objective is that by making an example of a particular offender, the community will take note and be more willing to  comply with the law. The aim of rehabilitation is to change the behaviour of the offender so that they will not re-offend. Accordingly, rehabilitation is primarily aimed at tackling the problem of recidivism, i.e. repeat offenders. It should be noted that in accordance with the provisions of the Young Offenders Act 1997 NSW, rehabilitation must be the primary focus of any punishment imposed upon a child aged 0 – 15 years, or a young person aged 16 – 18 years. Aggravating factors are factors which increase the offender’s criminal culpability and therefore are likely to result in the offender receiving a more severe punishment e.g. was the crime committed in company? was there gratuitous violence? was the victim a child? was that child under the care of the offender? Mitigating factors are factors which reduce the offender’s criminal culpability and are then likely to result in the offender receiving a less severe punishment, e.g. whether the offender has pleaded guilty or whether the defendant’s actions were in some way provoked by the victim. Since 1996 in NSW, victims are permitted to give a victims impact statement to the Court. This legislative change has arguably been a positive development as the statement gives victims a voice in the judicial process. It is a matter of judicial discretion as to what weight, if any, the judge will give the victim’s impact statement.

The Portrayal of Women in Art: 1962-2002

We have, more or less, as an audience become used to the idealized depiction of women. Often, particularly in classical styles, they were portrayed as reclining nudes who were there for the viewer’s pleasure. With averted eyes, they touched themselves sensually, typically innocent and oblivious that there is someone painting her for all to see. When they weren’t sexual-fantasy fodder, they were servile and obedient–particularly in the 1940?s and 1950?s after the end of the strong women era of World War II. They wore their hair in perfect curls, with their perfect dresses and worked merrily away in their perfect kitchens. In Jack Levine’s Girl with Red Hair there is a shift away from the perfect, care-free woman that came before. Rather, nudity is embraced as an aspect of the woman’s power rather than the viewer’s object. The subject confronts the viewer with her gaze. This portrait is not a portrait of a naked girl, but rather, a girl who happens to be naked. There is no trace of sexiness or sensuality–we are drawn to her face so that we may attempt to discern what this girl is thinking. Though her breasts are there, they are poorly rendered compared to the depth of her face and do not trap the eye like the neatly depicted flesh of the reclining nudes. Hotline for Troubled Teens, 1970. Joe DeMers (1910-1984). Acrylic on board, 22 ? x 18 ? in. New Britain Museum of American Art, Gift of Walt Reed, 2000. 45. Through both this artistic empowerment of women and the then energized Feminist Movement, women became less objects for a viewer’s pleasure and instead independent characters. In Joe DeMers’ Hotline for Troubled Teens, the gender is nearly removed from the girl. She is seen wearing an over-shirt that hides her breasts and her other feminine features are minimized. The girl is entered into a narrative–no longer is there a displaced nude body just lying around. Instead, we are shown a girl in her not-so-ideal life. Her face is concerned and the telephone cord is wrapped about her shoulders and wrist. She appears to be entirely dismissive of her viewers–be they out on the street around her, or elsewhere. She is self-serving and concerned with only her present situation. The title even suggests that this girl is reaching out (at the time, even that would have been taboo) in order to help herself–a principle that began to empower women during the Feminist Movement. Laneisha II, 1996. Dawoud Bey (b. 1953). Polacolor ER prints, 90 x 45 3/4 in. New Britain Museum of American Art, Members Purchase Fund, 2000. 34. This is one of my favorite pieces of the collection for many reasons. Predominantly, the depiction of women has centered around the â€Å"ideal woman†Ã¢â‚¬â€œwhich, if you haven’t picked up a magazine lately, is typically white, attractive, young, thin and perky. The woman here, however, is the antithesis. Though she is attractive, she does not have the â€Å"elegant† features that a painter might have looked for in the first half of the century. She is fragmented into six pieces and while they mostly match up–in that there are no huge gaps of information–there is a significant deformation of her figure. Her face is extra wide and left arm seems oddly long. A clear difference between the perfectly kept and rendered women of the past, this modern woman allows her flaws and her discord to be reflected in between each frame. She is a woman, not an object to behold. Untitled, 2000. Cindy Sherman (b. 1954). Color photograph, edition 1/6, 32 1/2 x 22 in. Members Purchase Fund, 2000. 88. I particularly enjoy this piece for several reasons: like the piece above, she is not typically â€Å"beautiful†Ã¢â‚¬â€œparticularly for the era in which it was taken. Rather, her appearance is outdated–thick, dark eyebrows, slicked back hair and that awful blue blouse she is wearing. Instead of dismissing the woman as ugly, we are able to see past her physicality. She bears a face that almost says â€Å"Yeah, so what? ’ to her audience. She isn’t hip, nor is she young and beautiful (as dictated by the standards of society) any more. There is a bluntness to this photograph that disempowers the sitter; it almost seems as if she’s the one judging and not vice-versa. Beauty I, 2002. Mark Catalina (b. 1965). Acrylic on canvas, 72 x 72 in. New Britain Museum of American Art, Gift of the Artist, 2003. 01 Lastly, this piece seems to me to be the most poignant out of the bunch. We are not privy to the â€Å"real† image, but only its negative. In form, we might recognize the person as a female. They have breasts, long flowing hair, jewelry†¦ some of the key indicators of what we may associate with being a woman. However, with the inverted colors, we are shown someone with manly features and thus, the lines of gender are blurred. Clearly, the makeup the subject is wearing is exaggerated–dark lips and cat-like eyeshadow–and further masks the individual’s gender. This piece is so inexorably tied to the way in which sex and gender are separated and defined. In this, the artist is redefining the appearance of women, in that women may not even be â€Å"feminine† at all. This piece broaches the subject of femininity and womanhood in an entirely new way, and is entirely appropriate in the evolving context of women in art. What do you think about the portrayal of women in art? How has it changed in the last 500 years? 50 years? 5 years? How can women gain power through representation in art? How does this compare to men in art?

A Career in Music Management

While music management work is a very challenging task, the music industry is one of the most rewarding businesses, and after getting a job it becomes difficult to get used to and maintain it There is a possibility. There are usually six music managers that can play a part in the career of recording artists, record producers, songwriters, and musicians. These include music managers, professional musicians, business managers, road managers, travel managers, production managers, and technical managers. There are various experts (talent managers, artists and track managers, business managers, entertainment lawyers) who support singers and musicians in the music career, people who play audio or video music contents (satellite, Internet radio Bureau, radio station and television station, music journalist and music critic, DJ, music educator and teacher, instrument manufacturer, etc. In addition to companies and artists working in the music industry to earn income and income, There are man y organizations that play an important role in the music industry, including musician associations (eg American Musicians Association) than performance groups (eg American composer, writer, publisher association) and other associations (eg , International Female Music Alliance, Women Non-profit organization that supports the composers and musicians) The music industry is full of music and there are lots of music made by artists and music producers. Music managers are not just signing someone on their music management company. Music managers can include a variety of projects such as recording studios, record companies, singers, musicians, live organizers, music publishers, producers, music managers, agents, music supervisors. If you are a music manager to preserve your music career, you need to learn, understand and truly understand the music business. After all, the role of music manager is to form a career of multiple artists, songwriters, musicians.

Affects of Domestic Violence in Disrupting Family Unity Essay

Affects of Domestic Violence in Disrupting Family Unity - Essay Example This discussion will examine the negative effects of domestic violence on the family unit first interjecting statistics to substantiate the claims that children are the victims as well as the wives. These indicators show that violence within the family so vastly affects children that a major disruption of the family unit is the consequence in every occasion. In homes where domestic violence has been reported against wives, the children are 15 times more likely to have been abused and/or neglected. â€Å"Over 3 million children are at risk of exposure to parental violence each year† (McKay, 1994). The majority of women who have been forced to seek a shelter to escape their tormentor report that their children are also being abused. These children are â€Å"three times more likely to have been abused by their fathers† (McKay, 1994). Research that has been conducted regarding how the prevalence of family violence affects the lives of children suggests that this phenomenon is a critical public health concern. In 1992, state agencies across the U.S. reported over 200,000 incidents of child abuse and half that number of child sexual abuse cases. â€Å"It has been estimated that about 1 in 5 female children and 1 in 10 male children may experience sexual molestation. At least 1,200 children died as a result of maltreatment† (Regier & Cowdry, 1995). Incidences of domestic violence, a growing problem in the U.S., affect the emotional, cognitive, and behavioral development of children, produces disharmony in the family unit and instigates harmful lifetime problems for all concerned. When exposed to threatening or brutal emotional and/or physical treatment, wives and children experience traumatic stress disorders that require exceptional coping skills. Instances of domestic violence are usually unanticipated and uncontrollable which serve to devastate a family

Education and Training Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Education and Training Policy - Essay Example In the beginning of 2000, an emphasis is given for the changes in national implementation practices regarding executive and administrative structures of education, training and development systems. However, the administrations face the task of formulating policy for education and training and it needs transmission through a wide range of subsidiary competences to the institution levels. The differences in policy decisions with varying degrees of urgency and authority are subject to differing degrees of interpretation at various stages of implementation. The afore-mentioned aspect is due to complexity in the policy decisions and their implementation. However, the complexity is great when the policy is supranational policy (Phillips, David (Editor), 2003). 1 According to Adey and Philip (1994), there is a notion that the educational standards are not up to the mark in secondary school level and the afore-mentioned standards are regarding the acceptance of certificates of public examinations at secondary school level. ... The question of standards arises if there is wide acceptance for the notion of not considering the certificates of public examinations as the only criteria for standards in secondary education. The next question is about the complacency of teaching staff and ill designed material affecting the standards, as they may not stop students in getting certificates of public examinations in UK. If the later reason is true, the concern is about the methods that enhance the standards of education and the reliability and relevance of them to secondary education. The first step is to set up higher standards that can lead to higher achievement through fear of loss of job. However, the afore-mentioned aspect may lead to malpractices in education, as the impositions are not enough to enhance or bring out the ability of teaching staff. However, one should keep in view that the popularisation of educational policy may often result in crude instruments of intervention. When the interventions are crude , the methods have poor innovation in judging the standards of secondary education. The innovative intervention should have professional credibility that can lead to higher scores in national testing process. The creation and implementation of the afore-mentioned innovative interventions need investigation of the implications of our understanding about how children learn. Moreover, the understanding about the affects of curriculum on children and the way the professional development in children is affected by curriculum; ways and means of teachers and education policy decide the nature of interventions. For the afore-mentioned aspect, the emphasis on psychological foundations of innovation and a well

The new age Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The new age - Essay Example Like a number of ancient religions of the world, Scientology holds the view that people are placed on earth to establish their own salvation and they can only comprehend the relationship with God by realizing this. The appeal of scientology is in a person’s capacity to solve his own issues (Frost & Frost, 2012). When a person is able to solve his own problem, he is also capable of helping other individuals. It also allows a person to think for himself. Question 2 Both science and religion hold assertions to reality. Religion is made up of faith and belief. Religion claims events are factual because they want them to be, and they decline to alter their notions just because there are a number of infuriating information in the way. In contrast, science incorporates theory and evidence. Science asserts that things are factual because they concur with the proof and theory also gives it support. Additionally, if there is new evidence, the theory is modified, even if it requires givi ng up prior valued suggestions. In addition, every scientific theory is in principle refutable, and in the end every theory will be negated. In contrast, religion can in principle not be refuted. This does not play a part to its evidence. Moreover, religion cannot be proven (Frost & Frost, 2012). ... Moreover, globalization illustrates the connection between cultures of macro-social components. These components entail politics, economics, and religion. Also, globalization may universalize and wear down the features of a local grouping (Lewis, 2007). Significant factors in globalization include the advancement of the internet, telecommunications and transportation infrastructure. These factors generate additional interdependence of cultural and economic activities. Also, Atheism plays a part in globalization. Atheism refers to the refusal of belief in the being of divinity. It also implies that there is not a deity that exists. Atheists are less authoritarian, nationalistic, close-minded, prejudiced, ethnocentric, anti-Semitic, dogmatic, and racist (Frost & Frost, 2012). Therefore, they can sell their merchandise, goods, or services to all people and markets all over the world. Atheists are also pro-immigration and presume that any migration is beneficial migration because it is e ffortless to incorporate these individuals in the global culture. Question 4 Secularism refers to the rule of disconnection of government units, and the individuals authorized to represent the nation, from religious dignitaries and religious institutions. Secularism may highlight the claim to liberty from religious teachings and rule, and the liberty to freedom from governmental obligation of religion to the individuals in a state that is nonaligned on issues of belief. Secularism may also illustrate the notion that human beings decisions and activities, mostly political, must not be biased by religious authority. It is better that states embrace secularism than religion (Frost & Frost, 2012). This is because secular state will incorporate the views of the entire

Nursing Practice Gap Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing Practice Gap Paper - Essay Example This is important in guaranteeing the quality of nursing practice. Linking theory to practice would also make it easy for nurses to carry out their work in a professional way. Identification of nursing practice area In modern nursing, more nurses and health organisations are finding it necessary to work with the society as a way of improving the way the health services are delivered to the patient. This involves working closely with the family of the patient in order to ensure that the patient is getting the right care. This practice is based on the fact that when a member of the family is sick, the whole family is affected, and the whole family must be taken care of to be able to restore the health of the individual as quickly as possible. Lack of theory Although many healthcare institutions are trying to apply this practice, there is very little theoretical support for the practice. This means that, there is no guidance on how nurses should be able to apply this practice. It also m eans that, there is no standard template, which can be applied to this practice and this in turn means that individual healthcare institutions will try to implement this in their own different way (Allmark, 1995). Lack of a theoretical framework has also meant that the application of this practice in nursing is also devoid of ways in which to measure the outcome of the practice. There is, therefore, a deep need to come up with a theoretical framework, which will be a guiding master-plan on how this should be carried out (Basford & Slevin, 2006). In applying this practice without a well researched and developed framework, there is a risk that this will be applied the wrong way, and this may affect the quality of the healthcare given to patients. Current theories Although there are no scientific theories, which can be used to elucidate this practice, the science of unitary human beings theory as developed by Martha E. Rogers is one of the theories, which can be used to understand this area of practice. The Science of unitary human beings theory looks at the human body as a unit of energy, which relates with the rest of the universe, including living and non living things. This by extension can be used to explain how patients relate to their family members during the recovery period. Science of unitary human beings theoretical framework is a grand theory, which covers a lot of mini-theories about nursing. The importance of this is the fact that it focuses on the individual and how the individual relates with the world around them. Rationale for theory for this practice There is a need to develop a theory which will guide on this nursing practice. This is due to a number of important reasons. To begin with, as discussed in the introduction, practice without theory is blind. It is necessary to develop a theoretical framework, which will be a guiding motif for nurses to implement the practice. Developing a theoretical framework will aid nursing processionals to know how to practice this and how to get the best results from using the practice in nursing (Scully, 2011). Measurability through laid out expectations of the practice will also be achieved through the development of a theoretical framework. One of the fundamental uses of theory in nursing is to be able to

Employment Laws, Policies, and Processes Research Paper

Employment Laws, Policies, and Processes - Research Paper Example It is important to remember that only those organizations are likely to survive and perform best in the industry perspective where the employees are satisfied with the job and where they feel that they have scope for growth and development. I was holding the position of director of human resources in alpha software Solutions Company. The company dealt with developing and selling of software products and solutions. The company wished to recruit new professionals specially software engineers who would develop the next software that was to act as the cutting edge product of the company. The position required that the candidates should not only be talented but also should be willing to work in team and cope with work pressures. Accordingly a selection process was designed to select the best talent in terms of intellectual ability and compatibility with the organization. While conducting the entire recruitment process it was kept in mind that the process of recruitment may be fair and fre e from any discrimination of any form. Two of the laws that were followed were The process started from giving advertisement and conducting the whole selection process where it was imperative that laws were followed and that as per law there was no discrimination on the basis of political, race, color, ancestry, sex, mental or physical disability etc (Gatewood, Feild, & Barrick, 2010). While conducting the interview it was kept in mind that none of the questions asked were discriminatory in nature or discriminated the workforce on any grounds. Similarly it was kept in mind that there was no discrimination when background checks were conducted. Another area where it was necessary to keep in mind that there was no differentiation on any discriminatory ground was on determination of wages. The interview process involved aptitude round where the questions asked were mainly analytical based to judge the analytical

The Waco Crisis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

The Waco Crisis - Case Study Example The objectives of the research are to be able to access views of different groups on the issue as well as on the beliefs of David Koresh and his followers. The social context that deals with the logic of the government during that time specifically the fact that no individuals or organizations have the intent for arsenal and harm of terror and destruction to the people, is also one of the main constraints in the study undertaken and presented. In addition, the analysis of the research revolves around the conflicts of the different parties that are involved specifically the government, members of the religious organization of David Koresh and the different agencies of the government that are involved in the crisis. The event is composed of a siege on the 28th day of February in 1993. The said incident transpired due to the aim of the United States Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF) to investigate the Branch Davidian ranch in Mount Carmel, Waco, Texas. The members of the group of the Davidians resisted the investigation. The authorities then found the need to pursue with other modes of action. The even then escalated to an exchange of gunshots. The result of the exchange of gunshots left four dead agents and six Davidians (Anthony & Robbins, 1997). The said event that was considered as the firs... From the prior event, the siege had been undertaken through April 19. The fire that concluded the attack killed sixty-six people and destroyed the compound. Included in the victims were 21 children and 2 pregnant women as well as the leader of the Davidian group Vernon Wayne Howell who is popularly known as David Koresh. The whole event is what had been known as the Waco Siege (Anthony & Robbins, 1997). The Waco Crisis can be considered as one of the most important examples that can be sited in terms of conflict analysis. To be able to determine and analyze the situation it is important to consider different background information related to the Waco City and the event. A. The History of the Davidians in the Waco City The main focus is related to the Branch Davidian Seventh Day Adventist Church which was led by David Koresh. The said group had been established in 1930 in Los Angeles, California which is a group that separated from the Seventh Day Adventist. The site located in the Waco City has been chosen due to the significance of Mount Carmel in the Bible. The main structure that housed the group is composed of a wooden edifice that functions for the different needs of the group such as administrative and storage (Anthony & Robbins, 1997; The Columbia Encyclopedia, 2004). The group is living in the area on the belief that the apocalypse is about to take place and for that matter they are getting themselves ready. Basically that time, those who had not establish a home in the area stayed on temporary shelters and even different forms of vehicles. The properties that the member owned are sold prior to the believed apocalypse. The background of the Waco City can be considered essential in the determination of the events that had

Investment Banking Essay Example for Free

Investment Banking Essay Investment banking is a type of financial service that focuses on helping companies acquire funds and grow their portfolios. Much of this comes in the form of stock and bonds transfer, but investment capital and wholesale corporate acquisitions are also part of the equation. Bankers within this sector are usually highly trained, and are widely recognized as some of the most elite participants in the financial marketplace. They are often sought as much for their consulting and advising services as they are for actually executing transactions. Consulting Services Investment bankers frequently give companies advice on mergers and acquisitions. They also track the market in order to help executive officers determine when to make public offerings and how best to manage public assets. Some of the consultative activities investment banking firms engage in overlap with those of private brokerages which often give buy-and-sell advice to the companies they represent. Investment banking is typically a much more nuanced service, but many of the basic strategies are the same. Transactions and Purchases Most of the consultants and specialists working within investment bank firms are able to actually execute transactions on behalf of clients, as well. Many large companies simply want the advice, and will then make their own decisions in-house. Particularly for small businesses and companies without robust financial services divisions, however, hiring an outside consultant to manage investment decisions can make a lot of sense. AdChoices Wealth Management Courses 1 Year Post Graduate Diploma in New Delhi With Global Curriculum. www.IIfpIndia.com Courses in Banking Industry Endorsed Banking Program. 100% Placement Assistance. Apply! Ifbi.co.in/Bank_Operation_Courses Investment Banking Europe Corporate Finance Advisory for Companies Targets in Europe www.ieg-banking.com CPA CFA CMA CIA IFRS Mumbai Delhi Pune Chennai Bangalore Admissions Open Becker CPA CFA www.orbitinstitutes.com NLP Certification Course Get a Certification in NLP with the Best Training in India www.soexcellence.com/nlp+training Benefits for Both Buyers and Sellers When done properly, investment banking has the potential to benefit both those who are selling corporate acquisitions and those who are buying. Asset sales generate substantial revenues that companies can use to front new products, promote existing brands, or invest in research and development. Breaking into business typically requires a lot of money upfront before any profits are realized, but once those benefits come, primary investors usually profit substantially. Distinction Between Commercial and Investment Banking Commercial banking — that is, basic account management, loans, and standard investments like certificates of deposit — are typically kept separate from corporate investment activities, and many banks engage in but one area. In the United States, it was illegal for a bank to have both commercial and investment divisions until 1999, when the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act legalized multiple areas of specialty. Institutions that offer dual services usually do so through different branches and staffs, and accounts are usually maintained separately. Breaking Into the Field Investment banking is often one of the most lucrative and sought-after jobs in finance, but with this prestige comes great responsibility. Most of the professionals in this field have extensive training. A college degree in finance or accounting is almost always required, and graduate degrees — particularly in business, corporate finance, or financial management — are quite common.

Interpretation Of Feeding The 5000

Interpretation Of Feeding The 5000 13 When Jesus heard what had happened, He withdrew by boat privately to a solitary place. Hearing of this, the crowds followed him on foot from the towns. 14When Jesus landed and saw a large crowd, he had compassion on them and healed their sick. 15 As evening approached, the disciples came to him and said, This is a remote place, and its already getting late. Send the crowds away, so they can go to the villages and buy themselves some food. 16 Jesus replied, They do not need to go away. You give them something to eat. 17 We have here only five loaves of bread and two fish, they answered. 18 Bring them here to me, he said. 19 And he directed the people to sit down on the grass. Taking the five loaves and the two fish and looking up to heaven, he gave thanks and broke the loaves. Then he gave them to the people. 20 They all ate and were satisfied, and the disciples picked up twelve basketfuls of broken pieces that were left over. 21 The number of those who ate was about five thousand men, besides women and children. The bibles new testament contains a plethora of information and stories that chronicle the life and times of Jesus. Most of the accounts in the new testament are filled with symbolism and are regarded as relating to matters of higher purpose and deep significance. The new testament still provides moral guidance and clarification on improving ourselves even two thousand years after the passages were written. One of the many well known accounts of the new testament is Matthew 14:13-21, otherwise known as the feeding of the five thousand. In Matthew 14:13-21 the structure is relatively straightforward. The focal point is certainly the miracle that was carried out to satisfy a need. But the conversation that leads up to it is significant to the interpretation, Jesus is using the miracle to get something more across. Jesus does not simply do the miracle, but first instructs the disciples to give the people something to eat. They, of course, have nothing to give the thousands. And so Jesus gives to them, so that they might give to the people. The point of the passage is the revelation of Jesus as the Messiah, and as the Messiah He can and will meet all the needs of his people. The principal message is for Christians to have the same compassion that Jesus did. If we see the poor, needy, hungry, and are stirred with compassion, then we must follow the teachings of Jesus. We are called by Jesus to feed the hungry. Though we may not necessarily have a lot to give, we may have more than the needy. We can reason that they will only squander what we give them, or that we should not give because it will only encourage them to remain poor and dependent, but that is not what the Bible tells us to be concerned about. In order to become more like Christ we will need to be moved by compassion, which we then go to meet the needs of the people. Another idea suggested by the passage is that the provision of food has a spiritual meaning as well. The people would have had it in their thinking that man does not live by bread alone, or, that God provides things for people in order that they will listen to Him. We too have received the word from the Lord, and so must give it to the people. Any time God provides something for people it is a call for faith, a call for them to believe that Jesus is the Messiah, and that they need to trust in Him. This message calls people to take the spiritual food that Christ gives and to give it to the spiritually needy people of the world. It may well be that in providing physical food for the hungry and the masses there will also be the opportunity to tell them of true sustenance. The provision of life from Christ is always available for those who are spiritually needy. The story of Jesus feeding the 5000 has a message and meaning that still holds true to this day. The story tells us to be compassionate for the needy, and to provide them with the sustenance of God. With Jesus showing compassion and contributing his time and food, he wants others to follow his lead and do the same. This miracle reveals Jesus power as the messiah, through his limitless capacity to satiate the needs of the people. Bible interpretation table Text reference Notes Introduction Literary analysis What form/genre is the text? Who are the characters? What is the point of the text? What words does the author use to get this point across? What is the style of the text? What images are used in the text? What type of tone is used in the text? What words are repeated? The text chronicles the life of Jesus with storytelling. The characters in the story are Jesus, the disciples and the 5000 people that Jesus fed. The purpose of the text is to spread the message of Jesus through one of his miracles. The image of the 5000 people is to provide readers with an understanding of the sheer numbers that Jesus had to feed. Historical background Where was the text set? What major historical events were taking place at the time in which the text is set? Where was this text written? Who is the author? When was this written? What major historical events were taking place at the time the text was written? What was the society like in which this text was written? What religious background needs to be known to understand the text? Who are the characters of the text and what was their role in society? What cultural context must be known to understand the text? The location of the story is somewhat disputed. Luke says it was in the area of Bethsaida. Therefore it would be somewhere on the northwest shore of Galilee. All of the gospels contain the miracle of the feeding of the 5000 so the identity of the first author is unknown. The story was probably written at the end of the first century A.D. At the time, Jesus was travelling around with his disciples, teaching the people. Jesus was asserting his role as the messiah. Theological Meaning What have others written about the meaning of this text? What is your interpretation of the meaning of the text? Others have written that Jesus represented Gods will to provide for his people. The food represents Jesus spirituality, which he then splits and shares with everyone else. Conclusion Why is this text significant? It spreads the message of Jesus with a relatively simple yet powerful story of one of his miracles.

Humanities’ Irrational and its Effects on a Utopian Society Essay

The human psyche is divided into rational and irrational drives. Courtesy of Sigmund Freud, it is divided into the id, ego, and super-ego. According to Freud, although the super-ego controls the other two to present ourselves in a rational state within society, the id often tends to be out of complete control by the conscious, making it an unconscious action. For Freud, it’s the recognition that the irrational is there, that it must be controlled to take over. Man’s aggressive nature does tend to overpower the mind, leading to irrational actions. Both Freud’s Civilization and its Discontents and Dostoyevsky’s Notes from Underground show how humans are controlled by their irrational drives and that, as a result, the attempts to create a utopian society are futile. To take a different view of the irrational actions in humans, a cinematic frame of reference was introduced, Joss Whedon’s sci-fi film, Serenity tells of a civilization that has become cont rolled by aggressive groups, the Alliance and the Reavers. Both factions take the form of an antagonistic society, maintaining a sense in fear in all those who go against or stand in their way. Actions to make a civilized society utopian leads to the creation of a dystopia due to human’s irrational drives. Through his writing and research, Freud outlined that man was initially driven by his irrational impulses, specifically, his aggression. The aggression he was referring to pertained to man’s primitive instincts. Freud’s views and established philosophies shifted away from the previous Enlightenment ideologies of rationality of the mind. Freud’s ideas contradicted â€Å"the individual’s essential goodness and rationality† and sided with the notion that the human mind was driven by â€Å"irrati... ...id, and symbolizes the universe in its entirety of being a dystopian society. Thus concluding that actions to make a civilized society utopian leads to dystopian reactions due to man’s irrational drives. This claim being supported based on examples in the film Serenity, as well as theoretical support analysis from Freud and Dostoyevsky. Works Cited Dostoyevsky, Fyodor. Notes from Underground. Lawall 1250-1327. Freud, Sigmund. Civilzation and Its Discontents. Lawall 1693-1699. Lawall, Sarah, ed. The Norton Anthology of Western Literature. 8th ed. Vol. 2. New York: Norton, 2006. Print. Perry, Marvin, ed. Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society. 9th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2009. Print. Serenity. Dir. Joss Whedon. Perf. Nathan Fillion, Gina Torres, Alan Tudyk, Morena Baccarin, and Adam Baldwin. Universal, 2005. DVD.

Parents Must be Involved in their Childrens Education :: Persuasive Essays, Argumentative Essays

Have you heard the old adage, â€Å"It takes a village to raise a child?† Even in today’s busy world where villages are almost nonexistent and neighborhoods aren’t as closely knit as they once were, this saying holds true. The same principle applies to your child’s education—it takes more than a good school to educate children, just as takes more than a good home to make children well adjusted. It takes community, teachers, and it takes YOU! Did you know that children spend over 1,000 hours a year in school? So, if they go to school for 13 years, that adds up to 13,000 hours when someone else teaches, influences, molds and cares for your children. But, if parents and schools work together, children can grow up as educated, competent and productive members of our society. So how can you help your children in school? One of the main ways is to get take an active role at home and at school. Research shows that children do better in school when parents talk often with teachers and become involved. Kids whose parents interact with teachers usually get higher grades and test scores, develop positive attitudes about school, and are better behaved. Parents and teachers need to communicate on a regular basis, not just at parent/teacher conferences. But sometimes, a parent doesn’t know just how to go about getting involved or how to make that positive connection with the teacher and/or school. So, where do you start? It is best to try and meet teachers early in the school year. This will help the teacher better understand your values, your child, and also lets them know that you support your child’s education. Teachers like to have parents who are interested in a child’s progress. If you are involved in school activities and events you will have added chances to talk with you children’s’ teachers. Becoming involved in PTO, PTA, and Booster Clubs also gives you a change to get to know the teachers better. On top of that, involvement in groups related to the school give you a chance to have some say in the decisions that may affect your children. You don’t have to be involved in everything. Choose something that is manageable and give it your all. Another good investment in your child’s education is to volunteer. What you do will depend on the needs at your school and your abilities, but usually the possibilities are endless.

History fo Civil Defense in the United States 1945- Present :: essays research papers

History of Civil Defense in the United States 1945- Present History of Civil Defense in the United States 1945 - Present Civil Defense History The purpose of this paper is to outline the development of civil defense in the United States from 1945 until the present. Also addressed are selected medical aspects of civil defense and lessons learned from prior civil defense initiatives. Civil defense is defined as â€Å"activities organized by civilians for their own protection in time of war or disaster† (Hyperdictionary, 2004). Civil defense became a major issue during World War I as the conduct of war between nations expanded to include attacks on cities, factories, and civilians that were essential to war in the industrial age. Civil defense became even more important during World War II. The explosion of the Soviet Union’s first atomic bombs signaled the fact that civil defense would remain a permanent fixture of the Cold War (Dobbs, 2001). Between 1945 and 1949, various agencies undertook studies of civil defense (Tennessee Emergency Management Agency, 2004). During the 1950s, American civil defense was characterized by a city-evacuation system (Dobbs, 2001). The American city-evacuation plan called for citizens in highly populated areas to put distance between themselves and the explosive effects and fallout of a nuclear attack. In their original incarnation, Civil Defense programs sought to develop sheltering capabilities to house people in attacked cities. Civil defense planners were also developing mass evacuation plans for supposed targets of the USSR. During the 1953-1958 time period, there continued to be arguments over whether evacuation or sheltering was to be the nation's policy regarding response to a nuclear attack. President John F. Kennedy, sensing that the overwhelming majority of state and local governments were doing little if anything to develop a sheltering capability, decided to make civil defense preparedness once again a central issue. A full-fledged nationwide shelter program, funded by the federal government was de veloped. In the early 1970s, federal level organizations moved toward allowing the dual-use of civil defense funds and equipment to be utilized for natural disaster preparedness. For a brief period of time, the federal government allowed the states to treat natural disaster preparedness as their primary role with respect to the use of federal civil defense funds. This changed again, however, following the ascendancy of Gerald Ford to the Presidency, and once again, states were required to treat planning for a nuclear attack as their primary function.

Week 5 Reflection

Week Five Reflection Paper Team B will reflect on why it is important for management as well as investors and creditors to understand the current and long-term liabilities. What makes it important to disclose contingencies as well as how do operating and capital leases relate to liabilities. It is important for managers to know what the company has as current or long-term liabilities because if they are not aware of what the funds look like they cannot affectively run the company. This knowledge helps a manager be more effective at planning and organizing what the companies priority are.Without taking time to learn this, managers could overdraft a company’s bank account just trying to order supplies. External vendors would want to obtain this kind of information for a few reasons. One, investors who want to invest in your company they want to make sure they are making a very sound decision on their investment. Investors would not invest in a company if it was on the verge of f iling for bankruptcy or going out of business. Creditor will also look at a company’s current and long-term liabilities.If a business has too much or too little debit this could be a sign of not being stable. So for a creditor this would also a high risk if they did not take the time to do some research and crunching of the numbers to see where the business or individual stands. The importance of disclosing any contingencies is really to keep companies honest about how their business is doing. Per FASB disclosing of this information gives financial statement users the ability to understand the nature of a loss contingency, potential magnitude as well as if known the potential timing.With a capital lease the liability relation would be equal, as you would list this lease on all financial statements, balance sheet, income statement as well as the cash flow statement. With operating leases the effect would be listed on the income statement and the cash flow statement but not the balance sheet. So team B has briefly reflected on the understanding of current and long-term liabilities, why is it important to disclose contingencies as well as how does operating and capital leases related to liabilities.

Cause and Impact Analysis on the Main Character’s Suffering in Elizabeth Gilbert’s Novel Eat, Pray, Love

Chapter I INTRODUCTION In this chapter the researcher discussed about this study based on background of the study, problem statements of the study, purpose of the study, the significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study, and definition of key terms. All of them were included on the chapter one as fulfilled of the study. 1. Background of The Study Literature did not take itself to a single definition because the achieving of it over century has been as complex and natural as the life itself. Many literary experts had different opinion about literature. In this case, it was related with the time and social condition. Literature itself was correlated with human’s expression. Identical with life, it could be seen that literature was a true picture or replication of human’s life. The focus of literature was mankind’s life and the problem in it. It described that mankind’s life had many ways of expressing their felling, imagination, creation, and communication definitely the events of taking human life. Long in his book,† English literature,†(194:8) writes that literature is the expression of life in the word of troughs and beauty, it is the written record of man’s thoughts, emotions, aspirations, it is the story, and the only history, of the human soul. Literary work so far was considered to be difficult to understand because it needed a sharp sense of appreciation to get willingness to find out what the author wanted to express to the readers. Therefore, the readers needed to look into not only outer surface of its components but also what was more important in the essence of it. It also implied things in the works of literature had to be dug out to find the valuable lesson hidden. The appreciation of literary work was always stand by special attitude such as how to interpret, characterized and evaluate. Literature could not be separated from language because literature was language used at the best. Language was the medium of literature and the only purpose of language communicated something from the person to another. Language was also connection of literary work. As the connection of literary works signed to system which connected of a works of literature, an author, and the readers. The connection was complicated based on develop the three aspects. According Segers (1978:24 – 25) communication of literary works is complicated than communication of machine. According Connoly (1955). Literature has three characteristics. Firstly, literature has power. It means that the use of language in a certain piece of work of literature may create powerful emotional impacts in readers mind. Secondly, literature is vivid. The written work of literature can make someone hear, feel, and see. Thirdly, the language of literature is clear. To clarify this, the author uses in passage to describe the character, the author clarifies his definition of person by allowing who he is, why he does it, now he does it what he would never do. Literature was grouped on some categories by some experts related with time, form, and purpose of using literature. According Jakob Sumardo and Saini in their book â€Å"Apresiasi Kesusastraan† (1986:180 divided Literatures into two categories that Non Imaginative literature and Imaginative Literature). Imaginative literature is the writing contains fact explanation or real people life and history which aim at conveying knowledge to article, history book, dictionaries and text book. On the other hand, imaginative literature aims an entertaining as well as giving information. In this case the author tries to tell about his though, ideas and feeling. A novel is a book length story in prose, whose author tries to create the sense that while we need, we experience actual life, (Kennedy, 1983:180). In reading a novel, the readers would gain messages, and it was not easy to interpret, it needed work hard to appreciate contents of novel forget message has been conveys by author. As novel might have many characters, some characters might never ever come into relation with an author. People knew that all the people in the world at this moment and elated, if only by the nature of the fact that they were all living at the same time. Direct contact was not necessary to establish relationship, though a novelist would probably show closer relationship among his character that there was merely being alive at the same time. Through reading a novel, the readers gained messages find out from novel that the author was conveyed pass the contents of novel. Like the main char acter of a novel would be representation of human’s expression from the events of human life such their problem, struggle of life and conflict. They could not be separated from love, sacrifice, humanity and sorrow. We were able to appreciate human life and do out our problem concern with psychological, social, and others. The contribution of appreciation novel was the readers have to analyze for gaining the messages. Analyzed of main character would give us insight of human life about pressure conflict that impact of psychological of main character â€Å"Eat Pray Love†. It was very different from other novels I met before. In this novel â€Å"Eat Pray Love†, an author gives a different sensation but about common problems that happen to anyone. Problems in the novel â€Å"Eat, Pray, Love† gave a different atmosphere. Although it seemed simple but had a tremendous conflict. Conflicts that occurred in daily were a pervasive anxiety and depression in the main character in this novel. Impressed simple but very weighty. There were some review came from San Francisco Chronicle – Don Lattin and Jennifer Egan. Both of them gave respond about this novel. Firstly, the review came from San Francisco Chronicle – Don Lattin of her review that Gilbert's writing is chatty and deep, confident and self-deprecating. She's a quick study and doesn't worry about leading readers down uncharted paths. That makes her work engaging and accessible but sometimes gets her and the rest of us lost in space. And the second, the review also came from the famous person was The New York Times – Jennifer Egan; Lacking a ballast of gravitas or grit, the book lists into the realm of magical thinking: nothing Gilbert touches seems to turn out wrong; not a single wish goes unfulfilled. What are missing are the textures and confusion and unfinished business of real life†¦. While I wouldn't begrudge this massively talented writer a single iota of joy or peace, I found myself more interested, finally, in the awkward, unresolved stuff she must have chosen to leave out. As added from the review that the researcher had interview from his friends. That the novel eat, pray, love was wonderful with the style of main character’s behavior. It also gave some taste of the novel with the journey of the main character was beginning of therapy. Therapy for releasing was from the main character’s suffering. As the researcher, the review above encouraged to conduct research and understanding in the content of novel. It gave motivated from the researcher interpreted the content of Elizabeth Gilbert’s novel eat, pray, love. The researcher also would give some evidence about the subject of the novel as spiritual and the genre of the novel was about memoir. In this story, the writer of this thesis would discuss of the main character’s suffering, the causes and the impacts that influenced of the main character’s suffering, and how to solved from its. This thesis discussed about the main character’s suffering because it was dominant theme of the story. For the main character’s suffering of this study just would be proved about the main character suffered. The evidences of the main character’s suffering just shown of the confession of the main character’s life based of the Elizabeth Gilbert’s novel eat, pray, love. 1. 2 Problem Statement of the Study In this study there were some problems that were necessary to be investigated in relations with the main character’s suffering (Liz) in the novel. The writer of this thesis formulated the problems as follows: . What were the main character’s sufferings on Elizabeth Gilbert â€Å"Eat Pray Love†? 2. What were the causes and impacts of the main character’ suffering? 3. How did the main character overcome her suffering? 1. 3 Purpose of the Study The writer of this thesis stated purposes of the study to find out the answer of th e problems. They were formulated as follows: 1. To describe of the main character’s sufferings. 2. To describe the causes and the impacts of the main character’s suffering. 3. To describe the overcome of the main character’s suffering? 1. 4. The Significance of the Study This study intended to provide an example for the students who wanted to understand a novel by means of the content of the novel. Secondly, it was expected to be able to enhance and encourage the readers, especially the students of English Department to pay more attention on literary works. The researcher of this thesis also hoped that the readers would be able to take result of this research as the lesson in their life. Not only for the students who gained the contributions of this thesis but also between English teacher and other researches who wanted to interpret it. This study intended to provide for the English Teacher who wanted to develop their knowledge about novel and increased their vocab. For other researchers and the readers gained many lessons of this study such as the main character’s suffering that impacted the reader’s mind; the causes and the impacts of the main character’s suffering; and how to overcome of the main character’s suffering. Both of them would give insight for the cases of this study. This study presented some contributions liked struggle, conflict of life, and problems of life occurring to the main character. The object of this study was unique. It was 108 tales of the novel that it liked japa mala. Japa mala was strings of beads. In a way, this study gave many contributions for the Students, English Teachers, other researchers, and the readers. 1. 5 Scope and Limitation of the Study The researcher of this thesis just wanted to discuss suffering. So, the researcher of this thesis gave the scope of novel eat, pray, love by Elizabeth Gilbert. The limitation of the study by only discussing the causes and the impacts of main character’s suffering, and how to overcome of the main character’s suffering in Elizabeth Gilbert’s novel eat, pray, love. . 6 Definition of the Key Terms. To make the study clearer to the readers and to avoid confusion in understanding this study, the writer of this thesis would like to present several definitions of key terms: – Novel is book length story in prose, whose author tries to create the sense that, while one reads, they experience it (Kennedy, 1983:180). – Suff ering is feelings of pain or unhappiness (hornby, A. A, 1974). – Cause is produces and effect from something. – Impact is striking of something. – A main character is someone the representation of a person in a narrative or dramatic work of art. Elizabeth Gilbert is the author of the novel â€Å"Eat Pray Love† Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE In chapter two, the researcher gave review of related literature such as; literature; fiction; novel; definition of novel; kinds of novel; the elements of novel; theme; setting; plot; characterization; conflict; subject matter and theme; the nature of suffering. 2. 1. Literature According to Jones Jr. (1986) literature is simply another way people can experience the world around them through the imagination. It can be divided into two different groups’ namely informative literature and imaginative literature. Informative literature deals with facts, explanation, real people’s life, and history. Imaginative literature, on the other hand aims to arouse thoughts and feelings. In other books, literature is as the standard of expression from what the people have shown in life, have experienced about life, have lost in thought and felt about aspects of life which interest in directly and forcefully. Actually, it is an expression of life passing through language form (Hardjana, 1981:14). In other words, literature born because of fundamental motivation of human being’s interest in literary works. Perrine (1959:311) defines literature according to the aim of writing literature. He makes two broad categories of literature, namely:: escape literature and interpretative literature. Escape literature is that written purely for entertainment, to help is pass the time agreeably. Its only objet is pleasure. While, interpretative literature is written to broaden and deep and sharpen our awareness of life. It takes us, through imagination, deeper into the real world: it enables us to understand the reality of life better. Francis Connoly (1995) said that men read because of hunger for information or amusement or solace on appetite for truth that literature is anthology or collection of stories, poems, plays, novels and other works of literature written by many different authors. Literature should not only provide enjoyment for readers but it also gives something more important to their life. 2. 2 Fiction Fiction was narrative literature that created an imaginary reality in the form of a story written in sentences and paragraph with no strongly rhythmic base. There was usually a sense of various experience of someone recreating past events. Included are novel, novelette and short story. But in this study the researcher only focused to the novel. 2. 3 Novel Novel usually concerns with human being and through the story give valuable message for us. Novel can enrich our sense of humanity and imagination, because it tries to portray human relationship, love struggles, ambition and experience. By reading novel people can get knowledge about expression of life by words and the readers can find of human personality, many characters of people and human behavior. . 3. 1. Definition of Novel Novel was which one forms of traditional fiction, as the literary works, are meant for telling stories. According to Singleton and Millet in their book â€Å"An Introduction to Literature† that novel is prose fiction of considerable length showing characters in action and capable of greater complexity both character and plot than the story†. (1966: 1194). This idea supported by Webster (1952), that a fiction prose narrative of considerable length, portraying characters, action and scene representative of real life in a plot of more and less intricacy. Novel is not like a short story, novelette, and novella. The categories differentiate about traditional fictions above are length. Novel is not also like a short story for some aspects. According Jones in his book â€Å"Outlines of Literature† (1968:80) that a short story focuses on one incident time; an over has far more range. It may deal with a lifetime a number of incidents. A novel may have many character, some characters may never even come into contact with others, but who are, nevertheless, somehow involved with others. However both of them are different for some aspects, both of them are some similarities. Both are prose fiction and dealing with truth, problems, conflict and both of them have the same aim to entertain and to inform,. In both, the elements of structure are found: plot, characterization, setting and theme but a novel is longer and more complex. 2. 3. 2. Kinds of Novel In the anthology of English literature, Putra (1978:53-54) mentioned seven types of novels and addition of a few experts as follows: 1. The picaresque novel, the novel which talks about the adventures of a rougher knave. For example: Moll Flanders (Defoe); Joseph Andrew and Tom Jones (Fielding). 2. The epistolary novel, the novel written in the form of series of letters between the characters. For example: Pamela, Clarissa Harolow, (Richarson). 3. The sentimental novel, the novel that contains an exaggerated expression of sentiment, aimed at producing a calculated response from the reader. For example: Pamela (Richardson) and A sentimental journey (Stern). 4. The Gothic novel, the novel that covers such elements as horror, death, violence, mystery and the supernatural predominate. For example: Laura Conway’s The unforgotten, Fran Kestein (Mary Shelly, Jane Eyre (Charlotte Bronte). 5. The didactic novel, the novel in which the message is used to teach something or to preach political or religious doctrines and social reforms. For example: Dickens’s novels are didactic novels aimed at social reforms. 6. The historical novel, the novel which sets a historical background, a detailed reconstruction of life in another time. For example: Sir Walter Scott’s novels. 7. The domestic novel, the novel which mostly talks about the domestic problems of certain family. For example: Jane Austen (Pride and Prejudice and Sense and Sensibility). 8. memoir? novel, a kind of novel that pretends to be a true autobiography or memoir. It was an important form in the emergence of the modern novel during the 18th century, in such works as Daniel Defoe's Moll Flanders (1722) and John Cleland's Memoirs of a Lady of Pleasure (1748–9; usually known as Fanny Hill). A similar pseudo? autobiographical mode of first? person narrative is found in very many later novels, but the pretence that the real author was only an ‘editor’ of a true account did not outlive the 18th century. . Romance, This form of novel goes beyond ordinary experience and social predicaments into make-believe. Something new is being searched for in an alternative world beyond familiar circumstances so that the novel's purpose is a moral or ideal issue. Nevertheless, the transportation to some idealized world, or going on a somewhat fantastic journey, can lead to disappointment , and its moral outcome. The characters' ideals can be crushed. The fantastical journey can be a big illusion or joke, where the reality is a series of mundane disappointments or repeated errors. European writers tend to present and then undermine the fantastic, whereas Americans use the fantasy to explore matters. Portrait of a Lady (1881) by Henry James; Wuthering Heights (1847) by Emily Bronte This study discussed eat, pray, love novel by Elizabeth Gilbert and this kind of novel included a memoir-novel. Some of researchers such as publishers weekly classify this novel into a kind of romantic novel. Actually this subject of novel is spirituality. It combined with some conflicts, problems, struggle, causes and impacts of the main character’s suffering, and recovering of the problems through spirituality based of the novel. . 3. 3 The Elements of Novel There were some elements of novel, which have relation with the study, namely: theme, setting, plot, character, characterization, conflict, and suffering. 2. 3. 3. Theme Theme is basic or the aim of story or novel (Brooks and Warren, 1959:688). According to Scharbach theme is the idea which become the foundation of a sto ry, so it has a role as the writer’s foundation in describing their fiction work the other explanation, in addition theme is not synonymous with moral or message and theme relates to meaning and purpose. In the sense, in order to understand the theme, the readers have to understand the significant element which builds a story including the meaning of a story and able to related the purpose of these creation. Edward H. Jones, Jr. point out the theme of a novel is its underlying idea or wisdom that the author is presenting. Kenney (1966:91) says that the theme is the meaning of the story releases. Koesnosoebroto (1988:79) quoted from Perrine (1959:143) propose some principle to look for a theme in story: (1) Theme must be expressible in the form of statement with a subject and predicate. Theme must be statement about the subject, (2) the theme must be stated as a generalization about life. Theme was often listed as one of fundamental elements of fiction. In this case, the makings of novel had a theme which became a major type of message. This was the central idea from an author. On eat, pray, love by Elizabeth Gilbert included of spirituality or religious. 2. 3. 3. 2 Setting According to Connonly (1954:14), setting is in a sense â€Å"the time place and concrete situation of the narrative of environment in which characters spin out their destinies. In a good story, setting is also well integrated with plot and character that the reader is hardly aware of it. The function of setting is to create an atmosphere that is kind of mood or emotional which suggested by the setting to establish the reader’s explanation (Kennedy, 1966:38) There were two kinds of setting; physical and psychological. Physical setting means the place where an event happens. Physical setting related with place. Psychological setting is concerned with environment or the object in certain environment which influence the reader emotion. Psychological setting can be in term of situation, attitude and point of view of certain society’s environment. Setting consists of (1) the actual geographical location, including topography, scenery, event the details of a rooms interior, (2) the occupation and mode of day to day existence of the characters, (3) The time in which the action takes place, e. g. historical, season, and emotional environment of the character (Kenney, 1966:40). The setting was also list as one of the fundamental elements of fiction. The explanations about setting have fully described above. The physical setting meant the place, and time when the events was occurring such as â€Å"I discovered Giovanni for a few weeks after I’d arrived in Rome, thanks to that beg Internet cafe at the Piazza Barbarini, across the street from the fountain with the sculpture of that sexy merman blowing into his conch shell. † And the second is the psychological setting that means describing about the full setting of the events have occurred. The process of the study have met many psychological setting of eat, pray, love novel by Elizabeth Gilbert. 2. 3. 3. 3. Plot A plot was the structure of emotion, which existed on fiction or drama. According to Edward H. Jones, Jr, plot is the action of the story. It is the sequence of events involving the character or characters. In other words, plot is the sequence of events in a story. Each event causes or leads to the next one. And a plot reveals events to the readers, not only in their temporal but also their casual relationship. In other opinion, Tarigan said the principle of plot in another literary work that a fiction should be the beginning, middle and the ending. In literature they are usually calls as exposition, complication and denouement. In the beginning, usually a plot begins exposition; it is the background of setting and situation. Furthermore, narrative book is drawing the reader into the story. Rising action is the events that contribute to the climax. Whereas, climax is the point of highest dramatist tension. The falling action presents the result of the climax, and the resolution gives the final outcome. According to Connonly, (19955:6) besides, Mac Millan in â€Å"Appreciating Literature†, there is the scheme of plot, as follows: Climax Rising ActionFalling Action ExpositionNarrative book Resolution 2. 3. 3. 4. Character According to Kennedy (1983:45), character is an imagined person who inhabits a story. But his definition, as himself admits, is over simplified, for in stories may happen not only to the people but also the elements of nature such as the wind, the wave, grass or stone, or even animals. The story will exist only because these things will be treated as if they were human rather that as what we know they are in nature, with the exception of stories with animals as characters (Koenosoebroto, 1988:65). On the basic of importance character can be divided into two types, mayor and minor character (Koesnosoebroto, 1988:69). Mayor character is the most important character in a story. Basically the story is about this character, but he or she cannot stand on his own. He or she needs other character to make the story more convincing and minor character is less important character that those of the mayor, for the minor character just support the mayor one. Sunaryo Koensosoebroto in his Book writes, protagonist is the character who has attitudes, which is pleasing the readers. Antagonist is the character who has attitudes, which is not pleasing and doesn’t agree with the reader’s imagination. 2. 3. 3. 5. Characterization According to Kearns (1984:610), a characterization is personality of the character and the method that an author uses to reveals this personality. Edward H. Jones, Jr said that characterization is the depicting of clear images of a person. There are two methods of characterization†: the dramatic and the analytic. In the dramatic we form our opinions of the character from what they do and say, from their environment, and from what other characters think of them. In the analytic method the author comments upon the characters, explaining their motives, their appearance, and their thoughts. Characterization can be direct or indirect. With direct characterization the author directly states fact about a character’s personality; with indirect characterization the author reveals a character’s personality indirectly through the character’s physical appearance, words, thoughts, and actions or through what other characters say about that character. Characterization described characters comprises are physics, though, appearance, and actions or through what other characters say about that character. Habitually, it appeared of fiction the author used a passage to describe the character, author clarifies his definition of person by allowing who he is, why he does it, now he does it what he would. It was discussed of the characteristic of fiction above. 2. 4. Conflict In daily life, conflict was mostly caused by the different opinion, limited skills, unfulfilled and dissatisfaction. According to Edward H. Jones (1968) is divided conflict into three categories: physical, social and psychological conflict. The physical conflict is a conflict of the character against the nature. The social conflict is a conflict between human being. It is a conflict where a man against a man, the main character may be against some person or group of person. Those two kinds of conflict can be classified as external conflict, the last in psychological conflict. It means that a conflict of a character against herself or himself. This conflict can be classified into internal conflict. On some statements about conflict we sometimes met with others statements that more completely described about it. Before we would be far explanation of conflict, we discussed the means of conflict. World English Dictionary means that conflict is discord of action, feeling, or effect; antagonism or opposition, as of interests or principles: a conflict of ideas. It also means a mental struggle arising from opposing demands or impulse. Consequently, we would find some categories from conflict itself of our though. We could directly distinguish conflict into some types; Person Vs Person, Person Vs Machine, Person Vs Society, Person Vs Nature, Character Vs Self, and the last Person Vs Supernatural. In http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Fiction there are six basic types of conflict. In modern times, Person vs. Machine, also known as Person vs. Technology, has become another one. 1. Character vs. self Character vs. Self is the theme in literature that places a character against his or her own will, confusion, or fears. Man vs. Self can also be where a character tries to find out who he or she is or comes to a realization or a change in character. Although the struggle is internal, the character can be influenced by external forces. The struggle of the human being to come to a decision is the basis of Character vs. Self. Examples include the novel called Grendel on the character taken from the epic Beowulf. More recently, there have been movies about Character vs. Self such as Fight Club and the Academy Award winning movie, A Beautiful Mind. When a person struggles with his or her inner self by deciding what's right or wrong. 2. Person vs. person Person vs. Person is when, in a novel, there is a conflict of two forms of like beings. An example is the hero's conflicts with the central villain of a work, which may play a large role in the plot and contribute to the development of both characters. There are usually several confrontations before the climax is reached. The conflict is external. Person vs. Person can usually be expressed by when a child is being ridiculed by a bully. An example is the conflict between Judah and Messala in Ben-Hur. 3. Person vs. Society Person vs. Society is a theme in fiction in which a main character's, or group of main characters', main source of conflict is social traditions or concepts. In this sense, the two parties are: a) the protagonist(s); b) the society of which the protagonist(s) are included. Society itself is often looked at as a single character, just as an opposing party would be looked at in a Person vs. Person conflict. An example in literature would be Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte. right. 4. Person vs. Nature Person vs. Nature is the theme in literature that places a character against forces of nature. Many disaster films focus on this theme, which is predominant within many survival stories. It is also strong in stories about struggling for survival in remote locales, such as the novel Hatchet or Jack London's short story â€Å"To Build a Fire†. Also A separate peace is a good example with Leper not wanting to jump out of the tree. Some are not so remote such as Banner in the Sky. 5. Person vs. Supernatural Person vs. Supernatural is a theme in literature that places a character against supernatural forces. When an entity is in conflict with his, her, or itself, the conflict is categorized as internal, otherwise, it is external. Such stories are often seen in Freudian Criticism as representations of id vs. superego. Bram Stoker's Dracula is a good example of this, as well as Frankenstein by Mary Shelley and â€Å"Christabel† by Samuel Coleridge. It is also very common in comic books 6. Person vs. Machine/Technology (Main article: Man vs. Machine) Person vs. Machine/Technology places a character against robot forces with â€Å"artificial intelligence†. I, Robot and the Terminator series are good examples of this conflict. In this study the researcher found some conflicts of Elizabeth Gilbert’s novel eat, pray, love. There were consisted of the person versus self, and person versus person based according from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Fiction. In other side, the researcher summarized the conflict from the two types of conflict in Edward H. Jones. According Edward H. Jones (1968), there are external conflict and internal conflict. The external conflict comprised cosmic, social, and physical conflict. In other side, the internal conflict was psychological conflict. Based on the novel, the main character found psychological conflict as the internal conflict and physical conflict as the external conflict. Psychological conflict is a character experiences inner unrest and discord, essentially struggling within him. Characters may struggle with themselves in various ways, including wrestling with ideas of good and evil, struggling with weaknesses and grappling with decisions. Psychological conflict may reveal itself as an individual wrestling with a moral decision or trying to overcome a handicap. Characters who suffer from addictions or who make self-destructive choices may also be manifesting psychological conflict. And physical conflict is characters struggle against other external forces. A character may struggle against other characters, animals or even natural forces. Physical conflict may manifest itself as problems with physical shelter or safety, or it may be reflected through fights between friends, family members or lovers. . 5 Subject Matter and Theme Kenney (1966:11) says that subject matter is not what the worked contains, but what the work refers to. The subject matter of this novel,†Eat Pray Love† is the story of Elizabeth’s life. Theme is the topic of the story. Kenney (1966:91) describes that theme is the meaning of the story that releases. The theme of the novel â€Å"Eat Pray Love† is spiritual and for the gen re of the novel is memoir. 2. 6. The Nature of Suffering Happiness and sadness always accompany people’s life. Life would be colorful with such feelings. Sometimes, when they feel happy they will fill their life with enthusiasm and excitement. In other causes, when their feeling is not good, they will easily get angry because of uncontrolled emotion and the result is that they can easily get them into trouble, when their life are not felt pleasant as usual. They become worried about the safety and afraid of their belongings. Those emotions can create bad judgment toward other people. They can take a friend into enemies and make their life sorrow. So, those can make them feel stressed and depressed. Because, of that, they always live in worrying and suffer. From above explanation, it can be conclude that suffering is bearing on feeling something that is not comfortable in their life that is faced by human being. According to Munandar his book â€Å"Ilmu Budaya Dasar† (1992:68) there are two kinds of suffering based on the causes. The first, suffering physical reason, suffers internal state which can be caused by physical demands on the body, such disease condition, climate or extremes of temperature, injury, infection and the like. The second, the mental reason, suffering is caused by environmental and social situations which are evaluated as potentially harmful, and controllable. The situations or events that cause sufferings are changes in one’s life, exercise, noise, frustration and job, social or family pressure. Both of them could meet each other. If the person got the mental reason it seems no worry. But if it continued embed of someone, it would destroy her endurance. The study I got the mental reason of eat, pray, love novel by Elizabeth Gilbert. There is some suffering that appeared of the study as follow; psychosomatic of main character, â€Å"Depression and loneliness have arged into my life again, and I just took my last Wellbutrin three days ago. † (P – 68) the explanation impacted of main character of the study, â€Å"I am schizo† (P – 69) and others impacts of main character’s suffering. Consequently, mental reason is a suffering is caused by environmental and social situations which are evaluated as potentially harmful, and controllable. According to Spencer A. Rathus and Jefrey S. Nevid of their book à ¢â‚¬Å"Psychology Abnormal† (2003:70) mentions the psychosocial and environmental problems become some categories Category Problem |Cases | |Problems with Primary support groups |Death of family members; Marital disruption in the form of separation, divorce, or | | |estrangement; sexual or physical violence within the family; neglect of children; birth | | |siblings | |Problems related to social environment |Death or loss of a friend; living alone or social isolation; the difficulty in adjusting | | |the new culture (acculturation) | |Problems relating to education |Illiterate; academic difficulties | |Employment problems |excessive workload, problems with labor leaders, changes in employment; the threat of job | | |losses | |Housing problems |homeless, living in an unsafe environment | |Economic problems |Poverty | |Problems with access to health services |Health services are inadequate or no health insurance availability | |Problems relating to the legal system |Arrest or imprisonment; involved in a lawsuit or a court; victims of crime | |Psychosocial and other environmental problems |natural disasters or man-made disasters; counselor; hostilities; doctors | The problems above were relating one’s progress that would impacts of their life. Some experts who deal with mental symptoms or psychiatrics argued that the problems above endanger on human health. Someone gained one problems above would be behave abnormally due to a mental attack from their environment. Abnormal behavior affects almost everyone in different ways. Abnormal behavior patterns that include psychological dysfunction or behavioral disorders are classified by mental health experts as a psychological disorder or mental disorder. Mental disorders could be cured with treatments such as taking medication – drugs, yoga or improve the spiritual, writing in the diary for the lower stimulation, and others. It could be without help from psychiatric and for improving spiritual must have a teacher for guiding us be a seeker. Chapter III Research Method In this chapter the researcher would give development of the thesis. The researcher used the qualitative content analysis as the methodology of the research design. The chapter would discuss which related research design; approach; the objective of study; data collection; and data analysis. Consequently, the researcher explained their area of the chapter three not only on the outer surface but also what more important of the essence of it such as gave flowchart or conceptual framework to make easily and more complete describing of the thesis. 1. Research Design This study used the qualitative content analysis. Content analysis is a methodology in the social sciences for studying the content of communication. It could be used of qualitative and quantitative. According Vredenbreght (1983 – 66-68), explicitly analysis method is first used in United States in 1926. Content analysis method comprises two kinds; there are latent content and communication content. As qualitative methods, the basic implementation of the method of content analysis is interpretation. If the process of interpretation in qualitative methods to give attention to the natural situation, the basic interpretation of the content analysis method to give attention to the content of the message The researcher also used certain technique to get the data that is library research. It was used to get the information about the problem that has correlation with this study in the form of books, encyclopedia and dictionary. 2. Data Source In appreciating Elizabeth Gilbert’s novel, â€Å"Eat Pray Love† the researcher of the thesis uses the data source. The writer of this thesis studied about novel itself was without relating to the author’s life, background of society or background to the worked and focused on analysis suffering of the main character only. Source data in the literature is the work, words, sentences and discourse. (Pro. Dr. Nyoman: 47) . According to Abrams (1981), a literary approach consists of four divisions; they are mimetic, pragmatic, expressive and objective approach. 1. Objective Approach This approach tries to study literature work itself, without relating to the author’s life, background of society or background of the work. 2. Mimetic Approach This approach views the literary work as an imitation or reflection of the world and human life. From this classic theory comes the view that a work of literary in some ways imitates the work of civilization in which it was produced. 3. Pragmatic Approach This approach views the work as something which is constructed in order to achieve a certain effect on the audience (the effect such as arouse their emotion, perhaps argues for ideas that charge minds) and it tends to judge the value of the work according to its success in achieving that aim. 4. Expressive Approach This approach treats a literary work primarily in relation to the author, the expression of the author’s feeling and emotion, or as the product of author’s imagination operating on his or her perceptions The researcher chosen objective approach to described and developed the thesis. It made easily of the thesis and also the researcher more focused to the thesis. The researcher would research by objective approach. 3. The Object of the Study The object of the study in this thesis was in the novel â€Å"Eat Pray Love† written by Elizabeth Gilbert. The discussing this thesis was focused on main character’s suffering. 4. Data Collection The data of this study are words, sentences, and discourses of the novel that deal with suffering. The data have been selected of this study are as follows: 1. Reading and understand the ‘Eat Pray Love’ novel, written by Elizabeth Gilbert. 2. Understanding the theme and characters, and focusing on Liz’s suffering in Elizabeth Gilbert’s ‘Eat Pray Love† novel 3. Choosing data dealing with the problem which is going to be investigated. 4. Selecting data dealing with the purpose of this study on the novel. 5. Conducting to examine towards paragraph or dialogues in the novel 3. 5. Data Analysis The research of the data analysis would give flowchart or conceptual framework to make easily corrected the data of the thesis. The conceptual framework was in the thesis used Miles and Huberman based on their book as the qualitative data second edition. Interpretation of thePredicting to processAnalyzing data to organizeMake The object dataselecting data as textaccordance with the goalconclusion To analyze the data, the following steps were liked a flowchart above:. 1. Reviewing the data that have been collected. 2. Predicting the data dealing with the purpose of the study. 3. Analyzing the data that based on the characteristic that refers to main character’s suffering in Eat, Pray, Love by Elizabeth Gilbert. 4. Making useful conclusion, implication, and suggestion for the next decision. The researcher analyze the data based on the steps above before the researcher collect the data, the researcher interpreted the data and noted for collecting data would be researched. Then the data would predicted into some categories and differentiate data which not related the purpose of the thesis would be removed. The data have been collected based on the researcher researched a book or novel. Novel which been researched by the researcher is eat, pray, love by Elizabeth Gilbert. The analyzing of the data focused of the causes and the impacts of main character’s suffering by Elizabeth Gilbert’s novel eat, pray, love. The data comprised text because human activity was seen as â€Å"text† as collection of symbols expressing layers for meaning. The researcher had to be deep understanding, conviction, and conceptual orientation of own research. Then the research made conclusion, implication, and suggestion for the next decision. Impinging FactorsInternal Context as HostAdoption Decision CHAPTER IV FINDING AND DISCUSSION In this chapter, the writer of this thesis wanted to answer the problems stated in the statement of problems. They are; what main character’s suffering are, the causes of main character’s suffering are, and the impacts of main character’s suffering are. In answering the problem, the writer not only shows the proofs as her findings related to her study through the words, sentences, and discourse which exist on the story especially on the novel, but also tries to give some explanation. But before the writer explain the finding of this research, the writer will describe about the author. Elizabeth Gilbert is the author pilgrims as form a story collection, Stern Men as form a novel, The Last American Men, EPL (eat, pray, love), and Committed. Almost all have been number – one international bestsellers. Her first book, Stern Men was acclaimed (Houghton Mifflin 2000), selected by The New York Times as a â€Å"Notable book†. Most of this novel has become major feature films. Before she becomes a novelist, Elizabeth Gilbert has been a journalist. She was the first unpublished short story writer to debut in Esquire since Norman Mailer. This led to steady work as a journalist for a variety of national magazines including, SPIN, GQ, The New York Times Magazine, Allure, Real Simple, and Travel + Leisure. 1. The main character’s suffering In Elizabeth Gilbert’s novel eat, pray, love, the main character faces some problems that make her life suffer. There are some sufferings of the main character life. There are; a failed marriage and a devastating, interminable divorce, followed immediately by a passionate love affair that ended in sickening heartbreak. 1. Being a failed marriage and a devastating The main character of eat, pray, love have been sad and brittle because she have been lost upon lost of their life. About a failed marriage of main character explained that she got depressed and anxious of her life after a failed marriage and a devastating. †¦ †¦. †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. . . †¦.

Policy Framework Development

Introduction In this essay, I will discuss the welfare state since World War II and how it has impacted society in England and Wales. In addition, I will discuss the importance of social policy, how it was developed and the four most frequently used approaches. The ideas behind these approaches will be explained and some examples of such policies in different fields will be provided. Overall, evidence will be provided on how social policy became educational discipline in its own right. The origins of the National Health Service One of the most drastic social policies put into action in England and Wales has been the implementation of free medical treatment for all, through the National Health Service. According to Alcock (2008), illness was very common and health care expensive before the National Health Service (NHS) came into existence in 1948. Poor housing, overcrowding, poor sanitation, malnutrition and lack of education were common, enabling the spread of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis. Life expectancy was considerably lower, at a mere 60 years. During the 19th century, health care was provided through the workhouse, or municipal and voluntary hospitals. The rich were often treated in their own homes or in a private practice. A lady Almoner was responsible for carrying out a means test, which determined who got medical treatment, she was also responsible for approaching charities for funding. (Alcock, 2008) The ideology behind the development of the NHS was to put an end to ignorance, squalor , disease and poverty, by ensuring health care was available to all. This included free treatments for all, a family benefit scheme and full employment. Although some saw it as a politically risky move, Prime Minister Churchill gave his full backing for the NHS in 1943, thus starting the reform towards free health care. As Bochel reports: â€Å"During 1944, White Paper proposing a national health service, and the election of a Labour Government in 1945 made the establishment of a NHS almost certain. The necessary legislation was passed in the 1946 National Health Service Act.† (Bochel, 2009, p. 332). Finally, the NHS became a reality on July 5th 1948. It was an enormous achievement but due to the significant investment in time, money and resources, it was not met without opposition- this was a time when there were food and fuel shortages, as well as a dollar economic crisis. However, the general public wanted the new service to succeed, and as such Britain became the first country in Western Europe to offer free medical service, funded through the general taxation system. According to Bevan: â€Å"It was based on three core principles which include; it meets the needs of everyone, to be free at the point of delivery and it to be based on clinical needs, not ability to pay.† (National Health Service History, 2012). These core principles have remained the same since the creation of the NHS (Bochel, 2009,p. 332). However, free health care as provided by the NHS proved to be very expensive, with the drug bill increasing from ?13 million to ?41 million within the first two years of its creation. Additionally, as medicine progressed as a science, new technologies and methods increased the cost of the NHS from ?200 million to ?300 million. The provision of free health care for all led to excess demand, adding pressure to the already limited medical resources. The Government was reluctant to cover the excess cost, as it needed to invest in other sectors, such as education. As a result, charges for certain services, such as spectacles and dentures, as well as for prescriptions were implemented (Alcock2008). Neo-liberal ideology and the NHS In 1979, when the NHS had been in place for several decades, a Neo Liberal Government was elected, with little sympathy for the state provision of welfare and the high level of expenditure associated with it (Bochel, 2009, p. 332). Neo-liberal ideology supports the reorganization of the financial and organizational aspects of healthcare services worldwide, based on the argument that the then-existing health systems had failed. According to the recommendation report in 1983, four major problems of health systems globally were: i) misallocation of resources; ii) inequity of accessing care; iii) inefficiency; and iv) exploding costs. It was claimed that government hospitals and clinics were often inefficient, suffering from highly centralised decision-making, wide fluctuations in allocations, and poor motivation of workers (Alcock, 2008). Quality of care was also low, patient waiting times were long and medical consultations were short, misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment were comm on. Also, the public sector had suffered from serious shortages of medical drugs and equipment, and the purchasing of brand-name pharmaceuticals instead of generic drugs was one of the main reasons for wasting the money spent on health (Navarro, 2007). Private providers were more technically efficient and offer a service that was perceived to be of higher quality. Neo-liberal policies Examples of policies implemented by the Neo-Liberal Government were those based on cost-effectiveness. Cost-effectiveness was presented as the main tool for choosing among possible health interventions for specific health problems. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were used to measure the burden of disease and thus allowing comparisons between specific health problems. Greater reliance on the private sector to deliver clinical services was encouraged, with the expectation that it would raise efficiency. It was suggested that Governments should privatise the healthcare services, by selling the public goods and services, buying the services from the private sector, and supporting the private sector with subsidies. In order to increase efficiency, unnecessary legal and administrative barriers faced by private doctors and pharmacies would need to be removed. Neoliberal policies in healthcare were heavily criticised as they reportedly misdiagnosed the problems and its treatment, lea ding to a situation worse than it was before the policies were implemented. Shrinking from welfare state to minimum liberal state, retreating from most of the public services and letting the area to irrationality of market dynamics is making pharmaceutical, medical technology, insurance, and law companies the lead actors. It has been claimed that a system providing services according ability-to-pay rather than healthcare need, ensures decreased availability and accessibility to services† (Danis et al., 2008; Janes et al., 2006; Unger et al, 2008). New Labour and the NHS In 1997, the New Labour Government was elected, with a main focus to make a significant improvement on peoples’ health. This was expected to be done by rebuilding the health services within the NHS through â€Å"decentralizing of power and decision-making to local health trusts†. Decentralising was important in order to achieve increased responsiveness to local health needs by widening patient choice, and promoting organizational efficiency. The underlying premise was that decentralization would shorten the bureaucratic hierarchical structure and allow flexibility for local trust managers and health professionals- thus improving organizational performance from the ‘bottom-up’ (Crinson, 2009 :p 139). In 1997 the Government put forward its plans in the White Paper: â€Å"The New NHS: Modern, Dependable† (Blakemore 2003:p 172). The objective was to reduce bureaucratic control from the centre and restore autonomy to health professionals within the NHS. A t the same time, the Government was determined to limit public expenditure by looking at what was already put in place by the previous government. One of the new Labour objectives was to reduce the number of people on the treatment waiting list by offering patients greater choice of provider at the point of inpatient referral. This was put in place from January 2006 onwards, where patients have been offered a choice of at least four hospitals when referred for treatment by their general practitioner. In addition, a new inpatient booking system was put in place, where patients themselves could book their place and time of treatment (Adam, 2006). In 1998, health inequality targets were included in the public service agreements with local government and cross-department machinery was created to follow up a ‘Programme of Actions’, which had the general aim to reduce inequality in terms of life expectancy at birth, and to reduce the infant mortality rate by 10 per cent by 20 10 (Glennerster, 2007 : p 253). Examples of health care policies implemented by New Labour are: Maximum waiting times for in-patient treatment: six months by 2005 and three months by 2008; Patients able to see a primary care practitioner within twenty-four hours and a GP within forty- eight hours; Maximum waiting time of four-hours in emergency rooms; Plans to improve cancer treatment and health inequalities. In addition, in order to improve efficiency, two bodies were set up to give advice and push for more consistent and effective clinical standards in determining the cost of new drugs and procedures. This was the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) (Glennerster,2007 : p 250). However, as argued by Peckham and colleagues (year?), the decentralization of the NHS had mixed results. They note that the process of decentralization was not clear and that there were contradictions, reflecting a simultaneous process of centralization and decentralization, in which local perf ormance indicators were centrally-set. If achieved, this resulted in increased financial and managerial autonomy. However, there was some supportive evidence that decentralization had improved patients’ health outcome, as well as improved efficiency in coordination and communication processes (Crinson, 2009 : p 140). The Government at the time met its target for treatment waiting lists by 2000- the number of people on the waiting list had fallen by 150,000. However, one main criticism came from the doctors, nurses and other health professionals where they were the ones dealing with prioritizing patients based on medical need, whilst having to explain to other anxious and angry patients why their treatment is delayed (Crinson, 2009). Coalition Government and the NHS In 2010, the newly established Coalition Government published the NHS White Paper ‘Equity and Excellence: Liberating the NHS policy’, prepared by the Department of Health. This policy included important changes compared to those proposed by the previous Government, and reflected the aims of the Coalition’s five year plan. Some of the proposed changes include: i) responsibility for commissioning of NHS services shifted to GPs, as the Primary Care Trusts and Strategic Health Authorities were dissolved, and ii) Foundation Trust status granted to all hospitals, ensuring increased autonomy and decision-making power. These reforms were part of the Coalition’s broader goal to give more power to local communities and empower GPs. By way of estimation, it is expected that this cost to about 45% for the NHS management. Strengthening of the NHS Foundation Trusts in order for these Trusts to provide financial regulation for all NHS services was another objective of the reform. An independent NHS board was set up, with the aim to lead and oversee specialised care and GP commissioning respectively. The objectives behind the Coalition Government’s plans was to increase health spending in real terms for each year of Parliament, with full awareness that this would impact the spending in other areas. The Coalition Government still maintained Beverage idea that all health care should be free and available to everybody at the point of delivery, instead of based on the ability to pay. It was expected that this approach would improve standards, support professional responsibility, deliver better value for money and as such create a healthier nation. Although the Prime Minister rectified it in his speech, the Government failed to provide a clear account of the shortcomings of the NHS and its challenges. The preparation of the White Paper, which was to pass the coalition committee’s examination, saw more compromises. The elimination of PCTs was not foretold but the conservatives would make PCTs remain as the statutory commissioning authority responsible for public health despite their commitment to devolving real budgets to GPs. It was rumoured that the Liberal Democrats policy of elected representatives to PCTs appear weak. The compromise was to give greater responsibility for public health to local authorities and eliminate PCTs. This resulted in the formation of the GP commissioning consortia and the Health and Wellbeing Boards. Despite concerns raised by stakeholders, the proposals saw just a few changes. Maybe we can call it a missed chance in retrospect. Conclusion In conclusion, it can be argued that without the NHS coming to force when it did at such a dire time after the Second World War, the already high mortality rates would have continued to rise. The NHS was vital in changing peoples’ lives in England and Wales and around the world. The system was designed meet everyone needs, regardless of financial abilities and without discrimination. Many changes have taken place since the birth of the NHS in 1948. Four different Governments adapted the NHS with their policies and legislation. However, throughout its evolution, the NHS still provides healthcare free of charge, as was intended from its conception. References Alcock, (2008). Social Policy in Britain. 3rd ed.Basingstoke: Palgrace Macmillan Alexion Pharma (2010). Politics and Policy [Online] www. [email protected] Available From: http://www.pnh-alliance.org.uk/politics-and-policy/the-department-of-health-publishes-equity-and-excellence-liberating-the-nhs. [Accessed on: 06 Nov. 12] Blakemore, K (2003). Social Policy an introduction. 2nd ed. United Kingdom: Open University Press. Blakemore, K, Griggs, E. (2003). 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